• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.12
• /
• pp.1729-1735
• /
• 2004

A total of 140 weaning pigs were used to determine the effects of digestive enzyme supplementation to corn-soybean meal diets on growth performance, physiological changes of small intestine, microorganisms and pH in the gastrointestinal tract. Two kinds of enzyme complex (A, B) were used in this experiment. Pigs were allotted in a completely random design (CRD) to five replicates with four pigs per pen. Diets and water were provided for ad libitum consumption. Treatments included 1) Control: without enzyme supplementation, 2) Enzyme A 0.05%, 3) Enzyme A 0.10%, 4) Enzyme A 0.15%, 5) Enzyme B 0.05%, 6) Enzyme B 0.10%, 7) Enzyme B 0.15% in the diets. A total of 24 crossbred barrows 25.78${\pm}$0.55 kg BW fitted with simple ileal T-cannulas were used to evaluate the effect the enzyme addition on the nutrient digstibility. Pigs were allotted 4 treatments (No enzyme, enzyme A 0.05%, enzyme A 0.1%, enzyme A 0.15%), 6 replicates according to a completely random design (CRD). Another digestibility trial was followed for enzyme complex B. Twenty pigs, average 31.92${\pm}$0.37 kg BW, fitted with simple ileal T-cannulas for digestibility trial. Neither enzyme A nor enzyme B affected on fecal or ileal digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash (p>0.05). The apparent fecal digestibilities of all the nutrients were higher in total feces collection method than in indirect method. At the end of feeding trial, 21 pigs were slaughtered for examining the morphological changes of small intestine and the concentration of microorganisms in the ileum and the colon. Growth performance, intestinal morphology and pH of ileum and colon were not affected by the either enzyme complex supplementation (p>0.05). These results suggested that enzyme complex A and enzyme complex B were of no benefit to early-weaned pigs when corn-soybean meal based diet was provided.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.46 no.1
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2019

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of multi-enzyme supplementation in a corn and soybean meal-based diet on the growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, blood profile, fecal microbes and noxious gas emission in growing pigs. A total of 80 crossbred [(Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc] growing pigs with an average body weight (BW) of $25.04{\pm}1.44kg$ were used in a 6-week experiment. The experimental treatments were as follows: CON, basal diet and; T1, basal diet + 100 mg/kg multi-enzyme. During the experiment, the pigs fed the diet with multi-enzyme supplementation had a higher gain to feed ratio (G/F) (p < 0.05) than the pigs fed the diet without multi-enzyme supplementation. On day 42, the pigs fed the diet with multi-enzyme supplementation had decreased $H_2S$ and $NH_3$ emissions (p < 0.05) than the pigs fed the diet without multi-enzyme supplementation. However, no effect was observed on nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and fecal microbes among the treatments (p > 0.05). In conclusion, it is suggested that multi-enzyme supplementation in a corn and soybean meal based diet can partly improve the growth performance and noxious gas emission of growing pigs.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.692-697
• /
• 2016

This study was aimed to develop a gruel using rice extrudates and to evaluate physicochemical properties of Tarakjuk (milk porridge; MP) prepared with milk (M) and rice powder (RP, control), rice extrudate (RE), or enzyme treated rice extrudates (ETR). Pasting property of ETR was significantly different from those of RP or RE with significantly low peak viscosity, breakdown and setback values in the ETR sample. Viscosity of MP prepared with ETR was also significantly low, as compared to that of control (> 900 cP). The total solids and spreadability of MP with ETR was higher than those with RP or RE. Hunter color values varied significantly depending on enzyme treatment levels in ETR samples with enzyme dose-dependent increase in b-value. Average starch digestibility of ETR sample was higher by 10.2% than that of control sample. DPPH radical scavenging activities of ETR samples were greater than those of RE or RP. These results indicated that ETR could be beneficial for preparing easy-drink and diet food with higher starch digestibility and fluidity, especially for gastric tube-fed patients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.523-532
• /
• 2004

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of microbial phytase ($Natuphos^{R}$) supplementation in combination with enzyme complex (composed of enzymes targeted to SBM dietary components such as $\alpha$-galactosides and galactomannans; $Endo-Power^{R}$) to diet with low nutrient levels on growth performance and ileal nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. A total of 210 crossbred weaned pigs (Landrace$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Duroc), 6.68$\pm$0.98 kg of initial body weight, were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments, based on weight and age, according to a randomized complete block design. There were three pens per treatment and 14 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments were 1) CON (Control diet with no phytase and enzyme complex (EC)), 2) LP+EC 100 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower available phosphorus (aP) level+0.1% phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% enzyme complex), 3) LP+EC 80 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP level+0.08% phytase (400 FTU/kg diet) and 0.08% enzyme complex, 4) LPEA+EC 100 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP and 3% lower ME and amino acid levels (lysine, methionine, threonine and typtophan)+0.1% phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% enzyme complex), 5) LPEA+EC 80 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP and 3% lower ME and amino acid levels+0.08% phytase (400 FTU/ kg diet) and 0.08% enzyme complex). For the determination of ileal nutrients digestibility, a total of 15 T-cannulated pigs (initial body weight; 7.52$\pm$1.24 kg; 3 replicates per treatment) were used in the present study. Piglets were weighted and allotted into same dietary treatments as one in growth trial and phase I experimental diets were provided for ileal digestibility study. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) among dietary treatments during the whole experimental period (0 to 5 weeks). However, piglets in LP+EC 100 group had a significantly higher gain/feed ratio (G:F) than piglets had in control (p<0.05). Crude protein, energy and phosphorus digestibilities were significantly improved when both of phytase and enzyme complex were supplemented at the revel of 0.1%, respectively to diets with low nutrient level (aP or (and) ME and amino acids) (p<0.05). Piglets in LP+EC 100 and LPEA+EC 100 groups showed significantly higher phosphorus content (%) in bone than that of piglets in control group (p<0.05). Supplementation of both of phytase and enzyme complex at 0.1%, respectively, to diet with low nutrient levels (aP or (and) ME and amino acids) significantly improved total ileal essential amino acid and nonessential amino acid digestibilities compared to control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results from the present study suggest that the simultaneous inclusion of phytase and enzyme complex to diets at recommended level is advantageous with respect to improving growth performance and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs and may contribute to increased economic return when added to corn-soy based weaned pig diets.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.53 no.3
• /
• pp.423-431
• /
• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate in vivo and in vitro digestibility in juvenile Atlantic Bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus. In vivo digestibility was compared between four experimental diets to determine the optimum dietary inclusion level of an enzyme-treated sardine fish meal (EFM) and sardine fish meal (FM). The experimental diets were as follows; EFM75 (75% EFM), EFM60 (60% EFM and 15% FM), FM75 (75% FM) and SL (frozen sand lance) as a raw fish feed. Feces of Bluefin tuna (90.3 g) were collected both by siphoning from a 700 L cage and by dissection in 69 ton concrete rearing tanks. For the siphoning method, protein digestibility was higher in the tuna fed SL diet than that of other groups. The lowest protein digestibility was observed in FM75. For the dissection method, protein digestibility was higher in tuna fed EFM75 diet than that of other groups. The lowest protein digestibility was observed in the EFM60 group. In vitro digestibility was compared in six protein sources to find an alternative source of EFM for the tuna feed. The highest in vitro digestibility was observed in EFM (92%) followed by low temperature FM (72%), meat meal (65%), feather meal (60%), sardine fish meal (57%) and poultry by-product meal (55%).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.816-824
• /
• 2005

The effects of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 and a mixture of fibrolytic enzymes on total tract digestion, in situ disappearance (ISD) and ruminal fermentation characteristics of orchardgrass hay and barley grain were investigated in a 4${\times}$4 Latin square experiment with 4 non-lactating Holstein cows and 4 diets in 4 periods. Cows were offered a total mixed ration of 50% rolled barley grain and 50% orchardgrass hay treated with either 1) water (control), 2) 0.2% (vol/wt) Tween 80, 3) 0.2% (vol/wt) hydrolytic enzyme, or 4) 0.2% hydrolytic enzyme plus 0.2% Tween 80. Total tract digestibility coefficients of DM, nitrogen, NDF and ADF were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary treatment. Compared to the control, the rate of ISD of DM from orchardgrass hay was faster (p<0.05) in cows receiving diets treated with the enzyme alone or with enzyme plus Tween 80 (0.06/h vs. 0.076 and 0.069/h). The rate of digestion was lower (p<0.05) as compared to control when barley grain was treated with these additives. Ruminal fluid pH and concentrations of total VFA, acetate, isobutyrate and butyrate were not affected (p>0.05) by treatments. Cows that consumed diets treated with enzyme plus Tween 80 had higher (p<0.05) ruminal concentrations of propionate and isovalerate, and lower (p<0.05) acetate:propionate ratios. Compared to the control, microbial protein synthesis tended (p = 0.13) to increase with the addition of enzyme to the diet while nonammonia nitrogen flow to the duodenum increased (p<0.05) with both enzyme and Tween 80 treatments. The study indicated that fibrolytic enzymes alone or in combination with Tween 80 could enhance ISD of orchardgrass hay and ruminal concentrations of propionate, valerate and iso-valerate, but do not affect total tract digestibility.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.35 no.10
• /
• pp.1585-1591
• /
• 2022

Objective: The present study examined the effects of exogenous emulsifiers and multi-enzyme supplementation into a low energy density diet on growth performance, visceral organ parameters, blood metabolites, ileal morphology, and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens from hatch to 21 days. Methods: One hundred and sixty-eight one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated in a completely randomized design to 24 pens and each pen was assigned to one of four dietary treatments to give six replications with seven chickens in a cage. Dietary treatments were: i) positive control with standard energy level (PC); ii) negative control with 100 kcal/kg lower energy of the standard level (NC); iii) NC diet supplemented 0.05% calcium stearoyl-2 lactylate as an emulsifier (NC+E); and iv) NC diet supplemented with both 0.05% calcium stearoyl-2 lactylate and 0.05% multi-enzyme (NC+E+M). Corn and soybean meal-based control diets containing vegetable oil were formulated to meet the Ross 308 nutrition specification. Chickens were fed ad-libitum with the treatment diets and sampling was conducted on day 21. Results: Our results revealed that emulsifier and multi-enzyme supplementation into NC diets improved (p<0.05) feed efficiency of the broiler chickens compared to the broiler chickens fed NC diets from hatch to 21 days. Supplementation of emulsifier and multi-enzyme into NC diet improved (p<0.05) nutrient digestibility of the broiler chickens. However, emulsifier and multi-enzyme supplementation into diet did not influence (p>0.05) visceral organ weight, blood metabolites, and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens fed NC diets. Conclusion: Supplementation of emulsifier and multi-enzyme in the NC diet would support improving growth performance in young broiler chickens with improved feed efficiency and increased nutrient digestibility thereby curtailing the negative impact of energy reduction in the diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.360-368
• /
• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that a lipase-based enzyme preparation would increase the AME content of full-fat rice bran (FFRB) by increasing fat digestibility when fed to broiler chickens. Experiment 1 used FFRB from Australia and lasted for 35 days, while Experiment 2 used FFRB from Thailand and lasted for 14 days. Rice bran was substituted in a maize-soybean diet at levels of 90 g/kg (Experiment 1) and at 90 and 180 g/kg in Experiment 2. Total collections of excreta were used for determination of AME content and fat digestibility. In Experiment 1, the enzyme increased the AME content of FFRB between days 4-7, 18-21 and 32-35 by 6.1-16.1% (p>0.05), however this was not associated with improved fat digestibility. In Experiment 2, the enzyme enhanced the AME content of FFRB between days 4-7 (10.42 vs. 9.06, p=0.107) and 11-14 (11.94 vs. 9.93, p=0.041), but again, this was not caused by increased fat digestibility. Inclusion of 180 g/kg depressed the AME content of FFRB by 7.4-11.5% (p>0.10) in conjunction with decreased (p<0.05) fat digestibility between 0-14 days of age. Improvements in bird growth with the enzyme were seen in Experiment 2 but not in Experiment 1. Increases in AME content of FFRB per se were not caused by enhanced fat digestibility, suggesting that the side activities associated with the preparation must have acted singularly or in combination to improve AME content and bird performance. These data show that the response of FFRB to the lipase-based enzyme preparation was dependent upon the geographical origin of the rice bran and the level of FFRB substituted in the basal diet.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2010.06a
• /
• pp.253-253
• /
• 2010

Rice straw was pretreated with aqueous ammonia in order to enhance enzyme digestibility. Soaking in ammonia aqueous (SAA) was conducted with 15% ammonia, at $60^{\circ}C$. for 24 h. Optimization of both saccharification conditions and enzyme loading of SAA rice straw was carried out. Especially enzyme loading test was performed using statistical method. Moreover proton beam irradiation (PBI) was also performed to overcome the problem which inhibit the enzyme digestibility at 1-25 kGy doses with 45 MeV of beam energy. Optimal condition for enzymatic saccharification was follows; pH 4.8, $50^{\circ}C$, 60 FPU of enzyme activity, 1:4 ratio of celluase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase. Also, optimal doses of PBI on rice straw and SAA-treated rice straw for efficient sugar recovery were found to be 3 kGy, respectively. When saccharification was performed with optimal condition, glucose conversion yield was 89% of theocratical maximum in 48 h, and 3 kGy of PBI was applied to SAA-treated rice straw, approximately 90% of the theoretical glucose yield was obtained in 12 h. The results of X-ray diffractometry (XRD) support the effect of both SAA and PBI on sugar recovery, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images unveiled the physical change of the rice straw surface since rugged rice straw surface was observed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.57-63
• /
• 2017

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of adding exogenous phytase and xylanase, individually or in combination, as well as pelleting on nutrient digestibility, available energy content of wheat and the performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets. Methods: In Experiment 1, forty-eight barrows with an initial body weight of $35.9{\pm}0.6kg$ were randomly assigned to a $2{\times}4$ factorial experiment with the main effects being feed form (pellet vs meal) and enzyme supplementation (none, 10,000 U/kg phytase, 4,000 U/kg xylanase or 10,000 U/kg phytase plus 4,000 U/kg xylanase). The basal diet contained 97.8% wheat. Pigs were placed in metabolic cages for a 7-d adaptation period followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine. Nutrient digestibility and available energy content were determined. Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the effects of pelleting and enzymes on performance of wheat for growing pigs. In this experiment, 180 growing pigs ($35.2{\pm}9.0kg\;BW$) were allocated to 1 of 6 treatments according to a $2{\times}3$ factorial treatment arrangement with the main effects being feed form (meal vs pellet) and enzyme supplementation (0, 2,500 or 5,000 U/kg xylanase). Results: In Experiment 1, there were no interactions between feed form and enzyme supplementation. Pelleting reduced the digestibility of acid detergent fiber (ADF) by 6.4 percentage units (p<0.01), increased the digestibility of energy by 0.6 percentage units (p<0.05), and tended to improve the digestibility of crude protein by 0.5 percentage units (p = 0.07) compared with diets in mash form. The addition of phytase improved the digestibility of phosphorus (p<0.01) and calcium (p<0.01) by 6.9 and 7.6 percentage units respectively compared with control group. Adding xylanase tended to increase the digestibility of crude protein by 1.0 percentage units (p = 0.09) and increased the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (p<0.01) compared with control group. Supplementation of the xylanase-phytase combination improved the digestibility of phosphorus (p<0.01) but impaired NDF digestibility (p<0.05) compared with adding xylanase alone. In Experiment 2, adding xylanase increased average daily gain (p<0.01) and linearly improved the feed:gain ratio (p<0.01) compared with control group. Conclusion: Pelleting improved energy digestibility but decreased ADF digestibility. Adding xylanase increased crude protein digestibility and pig performance. Phytase increased the apparent total tract digestibility of phosphorus and calcium. The combination of phytase-xylanase supplementation impaired the effects of xylanase on NDF digestibility.