• KSBB Journal
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.131-134
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• 2008

캠페롤은 항산화, 항염등의 성질을 가지고 있지만 생산이 쉽지가 않다. 차의 씨를 가공하고 발생하는 부산물 (tea seed extract)에는 캠페롤과 당이 결합되어 있는 형태인 camelliaside A와 camelliaside B가 포함되어 있다. 본 실험에서는 캠페롤을 효소의 가수분해에 의하여 생산하였다. 가장 효과적인 효소는 $pectinex^{(R)}100L$ 이며, 효소 반응에서 캠페롤은 48시간내에 생산되었다. 반응 최적 조건은 $40^{\circ}C$, pH 4이며 생산의 최적조건하에서 차 부산물 1 kg당 1.6 g의 캠페롤이 생산되었고 약 80%의 캠페롤이 침전되었다. 효소반응에 의한 캠페롤 생산법은 생산물의 회수가 용이한 효과적인 방법임을 알 수 있다.

• 공업화학
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.152-156
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• 2014

Isoquercitrin (IQ)은 폴리페놀의 일종인 quercetin (QU)의 3번 위치에 glucose가 하나 결합해 있는 배당체로서, 천연에는 미량만이 존재하고 있다. 최근 QU의 2배당체인 rutin (RU)을 기질로 사용하여 효소에 의한 부분 가수분해에 의해 IQ를 합성할 수 있다는 것이 알려졌다. 본 논문에서는, $Pecinex^{TM}$ 계열의 복합 효소를 사용하여 RU의 선택적 가수분해에 의해 IQ를 합성하는 반응에서 최적 효소를 선정하고, 효소량 및 반응물의 농도 등의 변수에 따른 반응성을 검토하였다. 그 결과, $50^{\circ}C$에서 1%의 반응물 농도로 RU 1 g 대비 8 mL의 Ultra Clear를 사용하는 것이 반응 속도 및 IQ의 선택성 측면에서 최적인 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.68-75
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• 2010

This study sought to optimize the extraction and enzymatic treatment conditions of Panax ginseng leaves, stems, and roots for the production of fermented ginseng. The optimization enhanced the extraction of total saccharide, a nutrient and growth-activating factor for Lactobacillus bacteria. The hydrolysis of ginseng leaves, stems, and roots was tested with eight enzymes (Pentopan, Promozyme, Celluclast, Ultraflo, Pectinex, Ceremix, Viscozyme, and Tunicase). The enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were statistically optimized by the experimental design. Optimal particle size of ginseng raw material was <0.15 mm, and optimal hydrolysis occurred at a pH of 5.0-5.5, a reaction temperature of 55-$60^{\circ}C$, a Ceremix concentration of 1%, and a reaction time of 2 hr. Ceremix produced the highest dry matter yield and total saccharide extraction. Ginseng leaves were found to be the most suitable raw material for the production of fermented ginseng because they have higher carbohydrate and crude saponin contents than ginseng roots.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.232-242
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to examine changes in the porosity and internal structure of wood as it goes through the process of saccharification (extraction of fermentable sugars). This study also examined the use of different drying methods to prepare samples for characterization of internal pores, with particular emphasis on the partially disrupted cell wall. Aspen wood flour samples after dilute acid pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis were examined for nitrogen adsorption. The resulting isotherms were analyzed for surface area, pore size distribution, and total pore volume. Results showed that freeze drying (with sample pre-freezing) maintains the cell wall structure, allowing for examination of saccharification effects. Acid pretreatment (hemicellulose removal) doubled the surface area and tripled the total volume of pores, which were mostly 10-20 nm wide. Subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis (cellulose removal) caused a 5-fold increase in the surface area and a ~ 11-fold increase in the total volume of pores, which ranged from 5 to 100 nm in width. These results indicate that nitrogen adsorption analysis is a feasible technique to examine the internal pore structure of lignocellulosic residues after saccharification. The information on the pore structure will be useful when considering value-adding options for utilizing the solid waste for biofuel production.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.434-445
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• 2023

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds have recently been attracting attention as a new high-value-added food material owing to their excellent nutritional properties, and research on the development of functional food materials using hemp seeds is actively progressing. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of hemp seed protein hydrolysates. Protein hydrolysates were prepared from defatted hemp seed powder (HS) by enzymatic hydrolysis using five different proteases (alcalase, bromelain, flavourzyme, neutrase, and papain). 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) assay and SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that HS showed a high degree of hydrolysis after treatment with each enzyme except papain. The total polyphenol content of the protein hydrolysates (<3 kDa) and the RC50 values obtained from two different antioxidant tests showed that alcalase hydrolysate (HSA) had a relatively high level of antioxidant capacity. In addition, treatment with HSA (25-100 ㎍/mL) significantly inhibited linoleic acid peroxidation. These results suggest that hemp seed protein hydrolysates are potential sources of natural antioxidants. Future studies will focus on the identification of active peptides from HSA.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.149-158
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• 2010

Organosolv pretreatments which utilized sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and ammonia as catalysts were conducted to screen the effective catalyst for organosolv pretreatment of Liriodendron tulipifera. The enzymatic hydrolysis was achieved effectively with sulfuric acid (74.2%) and sodium hydroxide (63.7%). They were thus considered as effective catalysts for organosolv pretreatment of L. tulipifera. The organosolv pretreatments with sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide showed a different behavior on the reaction mechanism. The pretreatment with sulfuric acid increased the biomass roughness and pore numbers. On the other hand, the pretreatment with sodium hydroxide enhanced the surface area due to the size reduction and minor defiberization which were caused by hemicellulose degradation at an initial stage and more defiberization by lignin degradation at a later stage. The organosolv pretreatment with sodium hydroxide was performed at several different conditions to evaluate effectiveness of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst for organosolv pretreatment. According to the results of enzymatic digestibility, the changes of chemical composition and the morphological analysis of pretreated biomass, it was suggested that the pretreatment time impacted primarily on enzymatic hydrolysis. Increase in surface area during the pretreatment was a major cause for improvement in enzymatic digestibility when sodium hydroxide was used as a catalyst.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.218-230
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• 2016

The effect of steam explosion coupled with alkali (1% sodium hydroxide, 1% potassium hydroxide and 15% sodium carbonate) or organosolv solvent (85% methanol, 70% ethanol and dioxane) on the production of sugar, changes in the chemical composition of M. sinensis were evaluated. The steam explosion coupled with 1% potassium hydroxide and dioxane were better as compared with other treatments based on the removals of acid insoluble lignin, and about 89.0% and 85.4%. Enzymatic hydrolysis of steam explosion with 1% potassium hydroxide and dioxane treated M. sinensis, gave a 98.0% and 96.5% of glucose conversion, respectively. These results suggested that pretreatment of M. sinensis with either potassium hydroxide or dioxane could be a promising pretreatment method for glucose production.

• 생약학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.85-93
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• 1976

Since cellulose is the only organic material that is annually replenishable in very large quantities, we must explore ways to utilize it as a source of energy, food and chemicals. For the utilization of this resource, it is first enzymatic hydrolyzed to glucose, then the glucose can be used as a food, converted single cell protein by microorganism, fermented to clean burning fuel and other chemicals. Cellulolytic enzyme, cellulase, consists of two or three major components, $C_1-cellulase$, $C_x-cellulase$ and ${\beta}-glucosidase$. $C_x-cellulase$ are fairly common but $C_1-cellulase$ are quite rare. Trichoderma viride is the best source of active cellulose, especially $C_1-enzyme$. Saccharification rate of cellulose in greatly influenced by the degree of crystallinity and extent of lignification. But by the pretreatment the substrate with cellulose swelling agent, delignifying reagent and physical treatment, the degree of saccharification is enhanced. Thus, glucose syrups of 2 to 10% concentration are realized from milled newspaper. The enzymatic hydrolysis of such energy rich material, such as cellulose, to glucose is technically feasible and practically achievable on a very large scale.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.430-435
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• 2014

섬유소계 바이오매스의 주요 구성요소 간의 관계에 의한 물리적, 화학적 장벽은 셀룰로오스를 발효 가능한 당으로 전환시키는 효소당화를 방해한다. 전처리의 주 목적은 셀룰로오스의 효소당화율을 향상시키기 위하여 기질로의 효소접근성을 높이는 것으로, 전처리 공정의 발전은 지속적으로 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는, 간단하고, 상대적으로 저비용인 암모니아수에 의한 침지공정을 전처리방법로 채택하였다. 기질로는 국내 농업 잔류물 중 생산량이 높은 볏짚을 채택하였다. 암모니아수에 의한 침지 공정은 3, 12, 24 그리고 72시간 동안 수행되었다. 그리고 동시당화발효에 미치는 전처리의 효과를 조사하기 위해, 효소당화와 동시당화발효를 30, 40 그리고 $50^{\circ}C$에서 수행하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면, 볏짚이 암모니아수에 의한 침지 처리 되었을 때, 기존의 보편적인 동시당화발효와 비교하여 상대적으로 적은 효소사용량과 낮은 온도($30^{\circ}C$) 조건에서도 당화와 동시당화발효가 수행될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 그리고 암모니아수에 의한 침지 처리는 초기 당화속도를 증가시킴으로써 24시간 이내에 발효를 종료시켰다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2010

$\beta$-Glucuronidases (E.C. 3.2.1.31) from Escherichia coli, Helix pomatia, and bovine liver activity have been investigated on 7-O-glucuronides (baicalin, wogonoside, and luteolin-7-O-glucuronide) and 3-O-glucuronides (quercetin-3-O-glucuronide and kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide). Bovine liver enzyme was not active on any of these substrates. E. coli and H. pomatia enzymes were active on 7-O-glucuronides, however, 3-O-glucuronides were resistant to $\beta$-glucuronidase hydrolysis. These results suggest that glucuronic acid at 7-position is more susceptible to E. coli and H. pomatia $\beta$-glucuronidases than that at 3-position. In addition, the subtle difference of aglycone structure on 7-O-glucuronides affected the preference of enzyme. E. coli enzyme was favorable for the hydrolysis of baicalin, however, H. pomatia enzyme was found to be efficient for the hydrolysis of wogonoside. Both enzymes showed the similar hydrolytic activity towards luteolin-7-O-glucuronide. When the Scutellaria baicalensis crude extract was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis, baicalin and wogonoside were successfully converted to their aglycone counterparts with H. pomatia at 50 mM sodium bicarbonate buffer pH 4.0. Accordingly, the enzymatic transformation of glycosides may be quite useful in preparing aglycones under mild conditions.