• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.192-198
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• 2005

The occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms has been reported worldwide and poses a threat to human health through drinking water exposure. The toxins they produce are highly water soluble and can leach into the water body. To eliminate any risk of drinking water exposure, removal of these toxins is essential before the water is consumed. Conventional water treatment techniques such as chlorination, if managed well, can be effectively used to remove some of these toxins, however, saxitoxin and its derivatives pose a problem. Little toxicological data are available to evaluate the real threat of these toxins.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2005년도 국제학술대회
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• pp.11-44
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• 2005

The occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms has been reported worldwide and pose a threat to human health through drinking water exposure. The toxins they produced are highly water soluble and can leach into the water body. To eliminate any risk of drinking water exposure, removal of these toxins is essential before the water is consumed. Conventional water treatment techniques such as chlorination, if managed well, can be effectively used to remove some of these toxins, however, saxitoxin and derivatives pose a problem. Little toxicological data are available to evaluate the real threat of these toxins.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.407-412
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• 2000

Environmental biosensors and related techniques for monitoring organochlorines, endocrine disrupting chemicals and cyanobacterial toxins are described. The practical requirements for an ideal environmental biosensor are analyzed. Specific case studies for environmental applications are reported for triazines, chlorinated phenols, PCBs, microcystins, and endocrine disrupting chemicals. A new promising approach is reported for microcystins and alkylphenols that utilize electrooptical detection.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.409-419
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• 2023

Okadaic acid (OA) 군 독소는 설사성 패류중독(diarrhetic shellfish poison, DSP)을 유발하는 해양생물독소이다. 설사성패독은 오카다익산(OA)과 그 유사체인 디노피시스톡신(DTX)으로 구성되어 있으며, 주로 와편모조류에서 생성되어 이매패류의 체내에 축적되어 독화된다. 이에 EFSA, WHO에서는 안전관리를 위하여 수산물 내 OA군 독소 함량 기준을 설정하였다. 최근 우리나라 연안에서도 원인조류인 Dinophysis sp.의 출현이 보고된 바 있으며, 국내 수산물 생산과 소비에도 영향을 미치고 있다. 또한 국제적인 움직임에 발맞추어 국내에서도 2022년 설사성 패독 기준 관리 대상 물질에 DTX2를 추가하여 관리하고 있다. 본 연구는 OA군 독소의 이화학적 특성, 분석법, 인체 노출 사례와 국내외 관리 현황 등의 자료를 검토하여 OA군 독소의 체계적인 모니터링과 안전관리의 기반을 마련하고자 수행되었다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제60권2호
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• pp.149-153
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• 2017

원목과 톱밥배지에서 푸른곰팡이의 오염과 성장은 표고버섯의 생장을 심하게 저해할 수 있다. 표고버섯 재배에서 푸른곰팡이병의 방제를 위하여 농약과 항생제와 같은 화학 약품의 사용은 일반적으로 허용되지 않는다. 본 연구에서는 푸른곰팡이병의 방제를 위하여 느타리버섯에서 갈반병을 일으키는 세균성 병원균을 분리하고 이들의 펩티드 독소를 분리하였다. Pseudomonas tolaasii 균주들은 항진균 활성을 갖는 톨라신 및 이와 구조적 유사체인 다양한 펩티드 독소를 분비한다. 이러한 펩티드들은 표고버섯의 생장에는 영향을 주지 않는다는 것이 알려져 있다. 펩티드 독소들을 Trichoderma harzianum H1 푸른곰팡이에 처리하였을 때, 푸른곰팡이의 성장을 저해하였다. 펩티드를 분비하는 20 종의 P. tolaasii 균주 중에서 강, 중, 약의 항진균 활성을 가진 균주의 수는 각각 8, 5, 7 종으로 나타났다. 표고버섯을 재배하는 동안에, 펩티드 독소를 함유한 세균 배양액에서 세균을 제거한 배양원액을 톱밥배지 표면에 자란 푸른곰팡이 균사에 분무하였다. 배양원액은 푸른곰팡이의 성장은 억제할 수 있는 반면, 표고버섯 생장과 생산에는 영향을 주지 않았다. 펩티드 독소를 함유하는 배양원액은 곰팡이의 흰색 균사체를 노란색의 마른 딱지로 변화시켰고, 이것은 펩티드 독소가 강력한 항진균 활성과 살균 활성을 갖고 있음을 보여준다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.260-265
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• 2020

Scorpion venom comprises a cocktail of toxins that have proven to be useful molecular tools for studying the pharmacological properties of membrane ion channels. HelaTx1, a short peptide neurotoxin isolated recently from the venom of the scorpion Heterometrus laoticus, is a 25 amino acid peptide with two disulfide bonds that shares low sequence homology with other scorpion toxins. HelaTx1 effectively decreases the amplitude of the K⁺ currents of voltage-gated Kv1.1 and Kv1.6 channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and was identified as the first toxin member of the κ-KTx5 subfamily, based on a sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis. In the present study, we report the NMR solution structure of HelaTx1, and the major interaction points for its binding to voltage-gated Kv1.1 channels. The NMR results indicate that HelaTx1 adopts a helix-loop-helix fold linked by two disulfide bonds without any β-sheets, resembling the molecular folding of other cysteine-stabilized helix-loop-helix (Cs α/α) scorpion toxins such as κ-hefutoxin, HeTx, and OmTx, as well as conotoxin pl14a. A series of alanine-scanning analogs revealed a broad surface on the toxin molecule largely comprising positively-charged residues that is crucial for interaction with voltage-gated Kv1.1 channels. Interestingly, the functional dyad, a key molecular determinant for activity against voltage-gated potassium channels in other toxins, is not present in HelaTx1.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.101-111
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• 2008

The fungal genus Alternaria is comprised of many saprophytic and endophytic species, but is most well known as containing many notoriously destructive plant pathogens. There are over 4,000 Alternaria/host associations recorded in the USDA Fungal Host Index ranking the genus 10th among nearly 2,000 fungal genera based on the total number of host records. While few Alternaria species appear to have a sexual stage to their life cycles, the majority lack sexuality altogether. Many pathogenic species of Alternaria are prolific toxin producers, which facilitates their necrotrophic lifestyle. Necrotrophs must kill host cells prior to colonization, and thus these toxins are secreted to facilitate host cell death often by triggering genetically programmed apoptotic pathways or by directly causing cell damage resulting in necrosis. While many species of Alternaria produce toxins with rather broad host ranges, a closely-related group of agronomically important Alternaria species produce selective toxins with a very narrow range often to the cultivar level. Genes that code for and direct the biosynthesis of these host-specific toxins for the Alternaria alternata sensu lato lineages are often contained on small, mostly conditionally dispensable, chromosomes. Besides the role of toxins in Alternaria pathogenesis, relatively few genes and/or gene products have been identified that contribute to or are required for pathogenicity. Recently, the completion of the A. brassicicola genome sequencing project has facilitated the examination of a substantial subset of genes for their role in pathogenicity. In this review, we will highlight the role of toxins in Alternaria pathogenesis and the use of A. brassicicola as a model representative for basic virulence studies for the genus as a whole. The current status of these research efforts will be discussed.

• 환경생물
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.217-232
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• 1999

본 종설은 우리나라에서 발생하고 있는 적조현상을 정리하여 적조의 정의, 명칭, 년도별 연구상황, 적조발생 원인 및 생물, 독성, 인명 및 수산물의 피해, 피해저감 및 방제기술에 대하여 소개하였다. 우리나라의 초기의 적조는 돌말류에 의해 발생되었으나, 해양오염이 심각한 1970년대 말부터 무독성 와편 모조류에 의해 그리고 1980년대 말에는 유독성 편모조류에 의해 발생되고 있다. 적조발생 규모는 초기에는 국지적이었으나 근래에는 광역화이기 때문에 수산업에 막대한 지장을 초래하고 있다. 따라서 적조에 따른 피해저감 및 방제대책의 연구가 절실히 요구된다.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.90-92
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• 2006

• Toxicological Research
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.193-197
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• 1995

Antibody-toxin conjugates, termed immunotoxins, are currently being evaluated as potential new anticancer agents and one of the most extensively studied toxins for construction of immunotoxin is ricin which exists in the seeds of castor bean, Ricinus communis. Another toxic lectin from castor bean is RCA (Ricinus communis agglutinin). Both toxins are very homologous. We reported the puriffcation procedure and biological properties of ricin from the Korean castor bean in another place and here we report those of RCA. The purified RCA shows three bands on denatured SDS PAGE while ricin shows two bands. On cultured $K_{562}$ cells ricin and RCA both inhibit the multiplication of cells extensively. $30{\mu}g/ml$ of ricin shows 73% of inhibition rate at day 4 compared to 68% in same condition of RCA. The inhibition of multiplication of cells are directly proportional to the concentration of toxins and the incubation period. In every case ricin was more toxic than RCA. The $LD_{50}$ dose of ricin on ICR mice was 60 ng at day 3 but that of RCA was $10{\mu}g$.