• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.222-226
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• 2006

Smoking of tobacco cigarettes is associated with a rise in blood pressure together with increase in heart rate. This study was aimed to examine the acute effect of tobacco and non-tobacco cigarette smoking on the blood pressure and heart rate by randomized crossover study. In the results, systolic/diastolic blood pressure and heart rate changes after smoking were significantly different between male and female group. Blood pressure and heart rate were elevated after smoking, but statistical significance for the difference was identified only in the female group. Because Non-tobacco smoke made from leaves of E. ulmoides has no nicotine, its effect on blood pressure and heart rate was negligible. Remarkable difference of heart rate changes in women was observed between tobacco cigarette smoking group and non-tobacco cigarette smoking group.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.26-33
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• 2002

Adolescents exposed chronically to tobaccotobacco smoke have been found to have reduced pulmonary function as well as an increased risk of lung cancer and a serious heart disease. Consequently, reducing exposure to tobacco smoke is an important public health goal. This study was conducted to develope the exact evaluation method of student smoker or heavy exposure from ETS, and the change on smoking behavior and attitude after a stop-smoking program. From the study, we concluded that the cotinine concentrations in saliva from students indicate exactly whether they are smoker or not. Also, it was found that the more and exact informations from both the cotinine analysis and the questionnaire were obtained than from only the questionnaires. The non-smokers had more positive effects on the changes of cog-nitions, behaviors and attitude about passive-smoking after a stop-smoking program than the smokers. The results of this study show that through both the accurate determination of cotinine in saliva and the questionnaires, the smoking status and the tobacco education effectiveness can be predicted.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.E
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• pp.1-17
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• 2000

In this study, the concentrations of particulate organic constituents of environmental tobacco smoke(ETS) were determined using an environmental smog chamber, where ETS is the sole source of target compounds. ETS was generated in a 30 ㎥ environmental chamber by a number of different cigarettes, including the Kentucky 1R4F reference cigarette and eight commercial brands. A total of 12 experimental runs was conducted, and target analytes included a group of ETS markers both in vapor and particulate phase and a class of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbos(PAHs) associated with ETS particles. The mass concentrations of PAH in ETS particles were also determined. The average contents of benzo(a) pyrene and benzo(a) anthracene in ETS particles for the commercial brands were 12.8 and 21.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, respectively, There values are all somewhat higher than those determined previously by other studies. Results form the chamber study are further used to estimate the average and variability of cigarette yields for target compounds associated with ETS. Finally, ratios of RSP to the surrogate standards of UVPM, FPM and solanesol were calculated for each sample. The average conversion factors factors for the eight commercial brands were 7.3, 38, and 41 for UVPM, EPM, and solanesol, respectively. The UVPM and FPM factors are in good agreement with the recently published values. Whereas there might be a substantial difference in the solanesol content among cigarettes produced in different countries, the variability is somewhat greater than those of UVPM and FPM, Unfortunately, comparison of the PAH yield data from this study with literature values was complicated by a lack of consistency in cigarette smoke generating methodology. Validation of the PAH yields was also difficult due to a lack of information on the ETS related PAH in the literature. From and engineering viewpoint , however, these data on the cigarette yields of ETS components may still provide useful information to studies on the mathematical modeling of indoor air quality management regarding tobacco smoke as a source of interest, or to studies on the assessment of human exposure to ETS.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.8
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• pp.319-327
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• 2016

Allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy, are most common chronic, noncommunicable diseases in childhood. In the past few decades, the prevalence has increased abruptly worldwide. There are 2 possible explanations for the rising prevalence of allergic diseases worldwide, that an increased disease-awareness of physician, patient, or caregivers, and an abrupt exposure to unknown hazards. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Despite the continuing efforts worldwide, the etiologies and rising prevalence remain unclear. Thus, it is important to identify and control risk factors in the susceptible individual for the best prevention and management. Genetic susceptibility or environments may be a potential background for the development of allergic disease, however they alone cannot explain the rising prevalence worldwide. There is growing evidence that epigenetic change depends on the gene, environment, and their interactions, may induce a long-lasting altered gene expression and the consequent development of allergic diseases. In epigenetic mechanisms, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure during critical period (i.e., during pregnancy and early life) are considered as a potential cause of the development of childhood allergic diseases. However, the causal relationship is still unclear. This review aimed to highlight the impact of ETS exposure during the perinatal period on the development of childhood allergic diseases and to propose a future research direction.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.43-49
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• 2003

ETS concentrations in the PC game rooms and factors affecting ETS concentrations were measured. Nicotine, 3-EP, respirable dust and UVPM were used as tracers for ETS. ETS concentrations are 2-3 times higher than those of other results. The concentration of ETS at the commercial district was higher than that of the residential district. The correlations between these tracers and SD/ ACH, a factor affecting to ETS concentration, were calculated. The correlation between 3-ethenylpyridine among tracers and SD/ACH was highest. The correlation between respirable dust and SD/ ACH was lowest. It was difficult to recommend respirable dust as a tracer of ETS.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.30-78
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• 1997

Exposure of nonsmokers to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been claimed to be associated with an increased risk for lung cancer e. g., in the US, Europe, Japan and several Asian countries. The present paper reports on and discusses the scientific evidence available to date that can be used in order to assess this potential risk for Korea. Evidence related to three key steps in risk assessment, i.e., the characterization of a potential risk, data associating a response to a dose, and data characterizing actual exposures of people to ETS will be reviewed. The final assessment of the potential risk will be left to those qualified and commissioned with the task of risk assessment as a basis for public health policy in Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.87-98
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• 2001

There has been increased interest in the health effects of the Environmental Tobacco Smoke(ETS) as a confirmed human carcinogen. It has been known to be extremely difficult to make an accurate assessment of exposure to ETS since it is consisted of a variety of components and there are a number of labile chemicals. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain, to interpretate and to provide the data of quantitative exposure assessment to ETS in the field of environmental health. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the concentration of ETS using VOC in indoor office environments. The correlations and concentrations of benzene, RSP, 3-EP, nicotine that are indicators for ETS were investigate with smoking density, air change per hour(ventilation rate). Air samples were taken in smoking room(7 sites), smoking allowed office (3 sites), corridor outside smoking room(7 sites), non-smoking office (9 sites). The concentrations of benzene showed significant difference according to category of indoor office environments. The geometric mean concentration of benzene were 23.56 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/㎥(range 4.80~192.90 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/㎥) in smoking rooms. 6.16 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/㎥ in smoking allowed offices, 1.32 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/㎥ in the non-smoking offices respectively. The ratios of the concentration of benzene between outdoor air and smoking room, smoking allowed office, and non-smoking indicators concentrations, SD, and SI were 0.82(benzene and nicotine). 0.76(benzene and RSP), 0.60(benzene and SD), 0.76(benzene and SI). It is proposed that benzene is a good indicator for ETS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.103-118
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• 1990

담배의 부류연예 나타나는 여러성분에 대한 현재까지의 연구결과를 문헌을 토대로 요약정리하여 본다. 부류연에 나타나는 연기성분의 함량을 주류연과 비교하고 부류연을 포집하기 위해 현재까지 사용된 실험설비와 environmental tobacco smoke(ETS)의 구성에 관한 부류연 자료의 중요성을 논의한다. 부류연에 대한 연구 및 주류연과 부류연의 양과 분포에 대한 연구는 연기발생 및 담배흡연시 일어나는 기작에 대한 지식을 얻는데 유용한 자료를 제공한다. 그러나 이 자료와 계산되어진 비율은 ETS의 양적구성을 밝히는데는 전혀 연관성이 없다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.43-44
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• 2000

흡연 당사자의 직접흡연이 이와 관련한 발병률과 사망률의 주요 원인이 되어 왔다는 것은 여러 연구조사자료에 보고되어 왔다. 그러나 최근 들어 담배연기에 대한 비흡연자의 비자의적인 노출 즉, 환경담배연기(Environmental Tobacco Smoke, 이하 ETS)로 인한 보건학적 위해성에 대한 논란이 제기되면서 간접흡연은 새로운 사회문제로 대두되고 있다(Surgeon General, 1986). 1986년에 미국 National Research Council은 미국 내에서 연간 3000명에 달하는 폐암의 발생이 ETS에 대한 노출에서 기인한다고 발표한 바 있으며(NRC, 1986), 이를 근거로 1990년대 초에 미국 EPA와 NIOSH에서는 세계최초로 ETS를 인체발암성물질로 규정한 바 있다(NIOSH, 1991; USEPA, 1992). (중략)

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.317-324
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• 2014

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) samples were collected separately in mainstream and side-stream smoke using a self-designed smoking machine, and a total 40 of PM2.5 was collected with low volume air sampler at indoor environments with and without ETS in Daejeon, Korea. About 20 trace elements including toxic metals like As, Cr, Mn, Se, V, and Zn were determined in PM2.5 and ETS samples by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). It is found that the emission factors of K, Cl, Na, and Al were much higher than those of toxic elements for both mainstream and side-stream smoke. The average concentration of PM2.5 was enriched by 1.5 times at smoking area ($58.7{\pm}18.1{\mu}g/m^3$) than at smoking free area ($38.6{\pm}12.7{\mu}g/m^3$). The concentration ratio of each element between smoking and smoking free area were ranged from 1.1 to 6.0 except Cu (1.0); especially, Ce (6.0), La (5.2), K (2.3), and Co (2.0) showed higher ratio, which suggests that the ETS is one of the possible increasing factors of PM2.5 and elemental concentration at indoor environment.