• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국수자원학회 2021년도 학술발표회
• /
• pp.139-139
• /
• 2021

Flooding events often result from extreme precipitations driven by various climate mechanisms, which are often disregarded in flood risk assessments. To bridge this gap, we propose a climate-mechanism-based flood frequency analysis that accommodates the direct linkage between the dominant climate processes and risk management decisions. Several statistical methods have been utilized in this approach including the Markov Chain analysis, K-nearest neighbor (KNN) resampling approach, and Z-score-based jittering method. After that, the impacts of climate change are associated with the modification of the transition matrix (TM) and the application of the quantile mapping approach. For this study, we have selected the Nam River Basin, South Korea, to consider the heterogeneous impacts of the two climate mechanisms, including the Tropical Cyclone (TC) and non-TCs. Based on our results, while both climate mechanisms have significant impacts on future flood extremes, TCs have been observed to bring more significant and immediate impacts on the flood extremes. The results in this study have proven that the proposed approach can lead to a new insights into future flooding management.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.279-288
• /
• 2002

According to the epidemiological studies in chromium workers, hexavalent chromium is associated with the risk of lung cancer. Cellular oxidative damages by reactive oxygen species produced by hexavalent chromium exposure may play an important role in the carcinogenesis process. We investigated the availabilities of malondialdehyde measurement for the assessments of oxidative damages from chromium exposure with an experimental inhalation study in vivo. Lipid peroxidation, one kind of cellular oxidative damage, was measured in blood plasma of the rats which inhaled the hexavalent chromium mist for 1, 2 and 3 weeks. The concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), the metabolite of lipid peroxidation, in all exposed groups were higher than those of controls with dose-dependant manner. The levels of MDA were also correlated with urine chromium levels of the rats. Therefore, MDA as an indicator of lipid peroxidation could be proper biologic marker for the assessment of the oxidative damage from chromium exposure, which might be involved in carcinogenesis.

• 생태와환경
• /
• 제49권3호
• /
• pp.228-235
• /
• 2016

화학물질의 유입은 수생생태계에 유해한 영향을 미치는 주요 인자 중의 하나로, 수생태계에 미치는 화학물질의 영향을 보다 정확하게 평가하기 위해서는 서로 다른 영양단계의 생물군집들의 생물학적 상호작용을 고려한 군집 수준의 독성시험이 요구된다. 하지만 현재 제시되고 있는 마이크로코즘 및 메소코즘을 이용한 군집 수준의 독성평가 시험 방법은 너무 복잡하고, 기존의 종 수준에서 얻어진 정보와의 직접적 비교가 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 독성시험 표준 생물인 녹조류 Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata와 물벼룩 Daphnia magna를 이용하여 화학물질의 독성을 생산자와 소비자의 상호작용을 고려한 군집 수준에서 평가할 수 있는 간단한 bi-trophic 마이크로코즘 시험 방법과 이에 대한 생물군집의 적정 조건을 제시하고자 하였다. 마이크로코즘 시험계 및 물벼룩 배양의 경우, $5{\times}10^5cells\;mL^{-1}$ 이상의 P. subcapitata (생산자) 농도를 설정하는 것이 적절할 것으로 분석되었다. 장기 독성시험을 고려할 경우, 물벼룩 (소비자)은 태어난 지 24시간이 되지 않은 미성숙 개체로 구성하여 마이크로코즘 시험을 시작하면 성체 및 혼합 개체군이 보다 안정적으로 유지되는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 bi-trophic 마이크로코즘 시험계는 오염원에 의한 생산자-소비자의 생물학적 상호작용의 교란 정도를 평가하고, 수생태계에 대한 위험요소평가를 종 수준의 평가에서 군집수준의 평가로 확대할 수 있는 적절한 시험 방법으로 판단된다.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.19-28
• /
• 2010

Industrial Safety and Health Law (ISH Law) of Japan requires abnormalities identified in evaluations of worker health and working environments are reported to occupational physicians, and employers are advised of measures to ensure appropriate accommodations in working environments and work procedures. Since the 1980s, notions of a risk assessment and occupational safety and health management system were expected to further prevent industrial accidents. In 2005, ISH Law stipulated workplace risk assessment using the wording "employers shall endeavor." Following the amendment, multiple documents and guidelines for risk assessment for different work procedures were developed. They require ISH Laws to be implemented fully and workplaces to plan and execute measures to reduce risks, ranking them from those addressing potential hazards to those requiring workers to wear protective articles. A governmental survey in 2005 found the performance of risk assessment was 20.4% and common reasons for not implementing risk assessments were lack of adequate personnel or knowledge. ISH Law specifies criminal penalties for both individuals and organizations. Moreover, under the Labor Contract Law promulgated in 2007, employers are obliged to make reasonable efforts to ensure employee health for foreseeable and avoidable risks. Therefore, enterprises neglecting even the non-binding provisions of guidelines are likely to suffer significant business impact if judged to be responsible for industrial accidents or occupational disease. To promote risk assessment, we must strengthen technical, financial, and physical support from public-service organizations, encourage the dissemination of good practices to reduce risks, and consider additional employer incentives, including relaxed mandatory regulations.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.389-394
• /
• 2019

When conducting risk assessments of cosmetic ingredients, it is important that reliable exposure information is obtained for cosmetic products. As cosmetics are becoming more diverse, continuous effort must be made to obtain exposure data that reflect their growth and usage trends. The usage pattern of cosmetics, such as the application area and amount used, may differ by product type and also by country. We conducted a survey to compare the amount of sun spray and sun cream used in a usage environment in South Korea. The study was conducted on Haeundae Beach, one of the most popular beaches in South Korea. A total of 1,255 beachgoers participated in this study; 604 and 651 participants used the sun spray and sun cream, respectively, while sunbathing and enjoying water activities on the beach for one day. Exposure was analyzed following a probabilistic method. On comparing all subjects, it was found that the group that used sun spray (mean: 44.52 g/day) used significantly more product (p = 0.000) than those who used sun cream (mean: 20.51 g/day). By analyzing the daily exposure of sun spray and sun cream per unit body weight according to age and gender, the exposure amount of sun spray and sun cream was found to be highest among 2~9 year-old girls (mean for sun spray: 2.51 g/kg/day, p95: 5.50 g/kg/day, mean for sun cream: 0.79 g/kg/day, p95: 1.79 g/kg/day). The amount of sun spray used is approximately twice that of sun cream. Among both the sun spray and sun cream groups, the exposure amount per unit body weight was highest in girls younger than 10. These factors should be considered when conducting risk assessments of sun spray and sun cream.

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.49-54
• /
• 2022

In Korea, companies which have work-related musculoskeletal burden works should have conducted legal risk assessments every three years from 2004 onwards. However, due to problems with the legal definition of work-related musculoskeletal burden works, some companies may have been exempted from the risk assessment even though their workers still experience work-related musculoskeletal pain. For example, the manufacturing process used by a particular semiconductor manufacturing company involved a great deal of legal musculoskeletal bueden works. However, this company eliminated the musculoskeletal burden works by continuously introducing automated processes, and finally, in 2016, all work which was legally defined as musculoskeletal burden work were removed from the company's manufacturing process. Nevertheless, in a 2016 survey, 9.6% of the company's workers still complained of musculoskeletal pain, and in a 2019 survey this proportion actually increased to 15.7%. This incident demonstrates the limitations and problems of the current legal risk assessment of work-related musculoskeletal burden work. Therefore, this study proposes two improvements to solve these problems. Firstly, it is necessary to broaden the current legal definition of work-related musculoskeletal burden works. For example, vibration risk factors and push/pull tasks that are currently missing from the definition should be included. Secondly, it is proposed that a survey on musculoskeletal pain should be conducted for all workers, regardless of whether they are engaged in musculoskeletal burden works. The results of this study could be used to improve the legal risk assessment of work-related musculoskeletal burden works.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제49권4호
• /
• pp.218-227
• /
• 2023

Background: Since 2019, the Ministry of Environment has implemented a seasonal fine dust management system from December to March, targeting high PM_2.5 levels with the aim of reducing PM_2.5 concentrations and protecting public health. The focus of improving the seasonal management system lies in the atmospheric PM_2.5 levels. Considering the primary goal of protecting public health, it is necessary to analyze the policy effects from an exposure perspective rather than a concentration-based approach. Objectives: This study aims to quantitatively assess the improvement of indoor PM_2.5 levels and the health impacts of the seasonal management system by comparing the periods before and during its implementation in residential environments. Methods: PM_2.5 concentrations within residential environments in a metropolitan area were measured using an optical particle counter (IAQ-C7, K-weather, Ltd, Korea) at one-minute intervals during the pre-implementation period (November 21~25, 2022) and during the implementation period (December 19~23, 2022). Based on the measured PM_2.5 concentrations, a quantitative evaluation of cancer and mortality risks was conducted according to age and gender. Results: The results of comparing indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 concentrations before and during the implementation of the seasonal management system showed a decrease of approximately 56.6% and 47.9%, respectively. Health risk assessments revealed that both the safety-limit-based and safety-target-based Hazard Quotients (HQ) exceeded the threshold of 0.1 for children under 19 years of age, both before and after the implementation. The mortality risk decreased by approximately 47.9% after the implementation, with children aged 0-9 showing the highest mortality risk at 0.9%. Conclusions: The findings of this study confirmed the positive health impacts of the seasonal management system across all age groups, particularly children under 19 who are more vulnerable to fine dust exposure.

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.140-146
• /
• 2014

This paper presents a case study to develop e-learning contents of agricultural safety based on the assessment of risks of 4 selected crops and stock farming: rice, potatoes, apples, tomatoes and stock raising. The aged farmers, who are main workforce of current Korean agriculture and relatively more vulnerable to various risks of agricultural work compared to younger workers, were considered as the main users of the contents in developing them. The safety guidelines were presented as simple as possible and the interfaces were designed to be simple and easy to use so that the older users can use it without much difficulty. In making the scenarios of the contents, risk assessments were carried out for each crop and stock farming with the focus being on occupational diseases rather than accidental injuries. To make the contents more attractive to the farmers, the functions requiring active responses from the users, such as answering simple questions, were included in the contents. Usability evaluation by experts of ergonomics and agricultural tasks were carried out in modifying the draft version, whereas formal usability test was not included in the case study. Though there are some limitations in the developed contents in the aspects of evaluation of usability and effectiveness, this case study shows the structured procedure of developing e-learning safety contents based on the risk assessments on agricultural tasks. The developed e-learning contents are expected to be used practically and easily in educating and training older farmers about safety and health of agricultural tasks.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제41권2호
• /
• pp.108-114
• /
• 2022

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to determine residual characteristics of soil-treated metalaxyl-M and dinotefuran in crown daisy and to evaluate the risks from intake of the residual pesticides in the crop. METHODS AND RESULTS: The pesticide granules were treated in soil on two levels, and the plants samples were collected 51 days after seeding. The analytes were extracted and partitioned using the QuEChERS extraction packet (MgSO₄ 4 g, NaCl 1 g). The quantitative methods for metalaxyl-M and dinotefuran were validated in linearity, accuracy, and precision. Risk assessments of the pesticides were performed using Korea national nutrition statistics 2019. CONCLUSION(S): The residual concentrations of metalaxyl-M in crown daisy were 0.09-0.10 mg/kg (for the treatment at 6 kg/10 a) and 0.17-0.19 mg/kg (12 kg/10 a), respectively. The residual concentrations of dinotefuran in the crop were 0.53-0.75 mg/kg (3 kg/10 a) and 1.17-1.26 mg/kg (6 kg/10 a). The amounts of pesticides were less than MRL (Maximum Residue Limits) according to the Korean MFDS (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety). The HI (Hazard Index) of metalaxyl-M and dinotefuran for consumers was 0.0075% and 0.2250%, respectively. For females in the age between 50-64, the major consumer group, the HIs of the pesticides were <3%. Considering the consumption of crown daisy, they are not considered to be of toxicological concern.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제32권5호
• /
• pp.440-445
• /
• 2006

통증경감을 위하여 광범위하게 사용되는 acetoaminophen은 치통, 두통에 주로 사용되는 의약물질이다. 의약품의 환경오염과 관련하여 수자원에 유입되는 acetaminophen의 경안천 오염정도를 파악하고 생태 위해성을 평가하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 한강 수계이며 용인시와 광주시를 거쳐 팔당호로 흘러 들어가는 경안천(해실교, 수포교, 왕산교, 경안교, 지월교, 광동교, 팔당호)내 acetaminophen 잔류 농도와 분포를 조사하였다. 또한 Daphnia magna를 대상으로 48시간 급성독성평가를 실시하여 위해도를 평가하였다. 잔류의약품 검출을 위해 SPE 추출법을 선택 하였으며, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)를 이용하여 분석하였다. 경안천 내에서 acetaminophen 0.439 mg/l이 검출되었다. 독성평가를 실시한 결과, 48시간 $LC_{50}$은 16.9 mg/l로 나타났다. 경안천의 acetamionophen 농도와 독성평가를 바탕으로 위해성 평가를 실시한 결과 위해성은 1 이하였다 하지만 국내에 의약품 발달과 함께 사용이 계속적으로 늘어나는 추세이고, 잔류의약품에 대한 대책이 마련되어있지 않은 이상 수환경은 의약품에 노출될 것이다. 그러므로 잔류의약품이 생태계에 악영향을 미치지 않도록 구체적인 방안이 강구되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.