• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.206-211
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• 2006

To investigate mycorrhizal infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF), samples of fine lateral roots were taken from the wild ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) naturally growing at various locations in Korea. Mycorrhiazal infections were studied by cleaning the root samples and staining fungal hyphae with frypan blue. Wild ginsengs for this study were graded by an appraisal committee consisting of 12 experts of Korea Mountain Ginseng Association. Following five quality groups were recognized: Heaven group(pure natural), Earth group (from seeding of wild ginseng), Man group(from seeding or seedlings of wild ginseng with slight environmental modification), unmarketable, and imported wild ginseng. Morphology of AMF was typical Paris-type which shows intracellular hyphal coils with rare vesicles and lack of arbuscules. Average infection rate of individual wild ginsengs was 58.3% and showed no differences among five quality groups. When portions of fine roots were quantified for mycorrhizal infection, 18.7% of the total length of the primary and secondary roots were infected by AMF. Wild ginsengs from Gyeonggi Province(84.2%), and from mountains lower than 1,200 meters above sea level(about 70%) showed higher infection rate, while the ginseng from Gyeongbuk Province(27.8%) had lower rate. Wild ginsengs at older age showed lower infection rates.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.109-119
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• 2011

The virtual reality (VR) technology has been used as the application of architectural presentation or simulation tool in the field of industry. The high immersion and intuitive visual information are the great merits of design evaluation or environmental simulation when we are using the virtual environments. But the distortion of distance perception in VR is still a big problem when the accuracy of distance presentation is strictly required. For example, distance estimation is especially important when the virtual environments are applied to the presentational tool for evaluation the space design or planning in the field of architecture. If there are some perception error between the built space in real and represented space in virtual, the accurate design evaluation or modification of design is hard to be carried out during the design development stage. In this paper, we have carried out some experiments about distance estimation in the immersive virtual environments to verify the factors and their influence. We made a hypothesis that the lack of the information for the user in VR causes the different distance estimation from the real world because users are usually comfortable with moving fast and long distance in VR environments compared with moving slow and short distance in real space. So, we carried out basic experiment to prove our hypothesis that the lack of information makes subjects estimate the distance of walking in VR shorter compared with the same distance in real. Also, among the factors that probably affect the distance estimation in VR, we have verified the influence of the image resolution. The influence of resolution degradation of image on the distance estimation was verified with the condition of static and dynamic images. The results showed that the resolution has deep relation with the distance estimation. For example, the subject underestimated the distance at the lower resolution condition. We also found the methods of the making the lower resolution image could affect on the visual perception of subjects.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.414-420
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• 2015

Nitrogen is one of main causes to induce eutrophication of water system and one of contaminants that must be treated for protection of water system. In this study, it was intended to identify a method to increase operation efficiency of municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWTP) by treating high concentration nitrogen. A laboratory scale reactor was operated by using sludge thickener supernatant in the MWTP. During operation of the laboratory scale reactor, it was intended to induce stable nitritation and analyze effects of related operation factors. As results, it was shown that the nitiritation could be induced artificially through control of retention time and sections where the stable nitiritation was induced were identified also. In particular, highly efficient nitrite conversion efficiency near 90% was identified in condition of 1 day retention time. Especially, it was shown that ammonium nitrogen load affected ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency and nitrite conversion efficiency. In the condition of high ammonium nitrogen load, the nitrite conversion efficiency and the ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency decreased. On the contrary in the condition of low ammonium nitrogen load, it was found that the nitrite conversion efficiency decreased. It means that control of ammonium nitrogen concentration and its retention time is needed for the nitritation. It is considered that for the sewage containing high load nitrogen in sludge treatment process as like the sludge thickener supernatant, the nitritation can be applied, which can be suggested as a modification method of MWTP.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.73-82
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• 2007

The antennae of millipedes have a prominent function in detecting various types of environmental stimuli. The structural modification of the antennae is closely associated with the degree of sense recognition. Here we study functional morphology of the antennae of the millipede Cawjeekelia pyongana using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The antennae generally include eight segments, called articles. On the surface of the antennae, there are a variety of sensory receptors which include olfactory and mechanical receptors. We could identify four different types of antennal sensory organs in C. pyongana as follows: apical cone (Ac), trichoid sensilla (Ts), chaetiform sensilla (Cs) and basiconic sensilla (Bs). The most prominent of which is four APs at the 8th article. Both of the Is and the Cs are abundantly observed almost all of the antennal segments. They are long and strong bristles with longitudinal grooves acuminating toward the tip. The Bs is further divided into three subtypes: large basiconic sensilla $(Bs_1)$, small basiconic sensilla $(Bs_2)$ and spiniform basiconic sensilla $(Bs_3)$. The $Bs_1$ is located at the 5th and 6th articles, while the $Bs_2$ and $Bs_3$ can be seen at the 5th and at the 7th article, respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 2014

Deoxynivalenol (DON) and related trichothecene mycotoxins are extensively distributed in the cereal-based food and feed stuffs worldwide. Recent climate changes and global grain trade increased chance of exposure to more DON and related toxic metabolites in poorly managed production systems. Monitoring the biological and environmental exposures to the toxins are crucial in protecting human and animals from toxicities of the hazardous contaminants in food or feeds. Exposure biomarkers including urine DON itself are prone to shift to less harmful metabolites by intestinal microbiota and liver metabolic enzymes. De-epoxyfication of DON by gut microbes such as Eubacterium strain BBSH 797 and Eubacterium sp. DSM 11798 leads to more fecal secretion of DOM-1. By contrast, most of plant-derived DON-glucoside is also easily catabolized to free DON by gut microbes, which produces more burden to body. Phase 2 hepatic metabolism also contributes to the glucuronidation of DON, which can be useful urine biomarkers. However, chemical modification could be very typical depending on the anthropologic or genetic background, luminal bacteria, and hepatic metabolic enzyme susceptibility to the toxins in the diet. After toxin exposure, effect biomarkers are also important in estimating the linkage and mechanisms of foodborne diseases in human and animal population. Most prominent adverse effects are demonstrated in the DON-induced immunological and behavioral disorders. For instance, acutely elevated interleukin-8 from insulted gut exposed to dietaty DON is a dominant clinical biomarker in human and animals. Moreover, subchronic exposure to the toxins is associated with high levels of serum IgA, a biological mediator of IgA nephritis. In particular, anorexia monitoring using mouse models are recently developed to monitor the biological activities of DON-induced feed refusal. It is also mechanistically linked to alteration of serotoin and peptide YY, which are promising biomarkers of neurological disorders by the toxins. As animal-alternative biomonitoring, huamn enterocyte-based assay has been developed and more realistic gut mimetic models would be useful in monitoring the effect biomarkers in resposne to toxic contaminants in the future investigations.

• Geosciences Journal
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.881-889
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• 2018

The Geodo skarn deposit is located in the Taebaeksan Basin, central eastern Korean Peninsula. The geology of the deposit consists of Cambrian to Ordovician calcareous sedimentary rocks and the Cretaceous Eopyeong granitoids. The skarns at Geodo occur around the Eopyeong granitoids, which consist, from early to late, of magnetite-bearing equigranular quartz monzodiorite, granodiorite, and dykes. These dykes emanated randomly from equigranular granodiorite and some of dykes spatially accompany skarns. Skarn Fe mineralization, referred as Prospect I and II in this study, is newly discovered beyond previously known skarns adjacent to the quartz monzodiorite. These discoveries show a vertical and lateral variation of skarn facies, grading from massive reddish-brown garnet-quartz in a lower and proximal zone to banded in an upper and distal zone, reflecting changes in lithofacies of the host rocks. Skarn veins in distal locations are parallel to sedimentary laminae, suggesting that lithologic control is important although proximal skarn has totally obliterated primary structures, due to intense retrograde alteration. Skarns at Geodo are systematically zoned relative to the causative dykes. Skarn zonation comprises proximal garnet, distal pyroxene, and vesuvianite (only in Prospect I) at the contact between skarn and marble. Retrograde alteration is intensely developed adjacent to the contact with dykes and occurs as modification of the pre-existing assemblages and progressive destruction such as brecciation of the prograde assemblages. The retrograde alteration assemblages consist predominantly of epidote, K-feldspar, amphibole, chlorite, and calcite. Most of the magnetite (the main ore mineral), replaces calc-silicate minerals such as garnet in the lower proximal exoskarn, whereas it occurs massive in distal pyroxene and amphibole in the upper and distal exoskarn. The emanation of dykes from the equigranular granodiorite has provided channelways for ascent of skarn-forming fluids from a deep source, whereas the style and nature of skarns suggest that originally structurally-controlled skarn-forming fluids may migrate long distances laterally to produce skarn in calcareous sedimentary rocks.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.1241-1248
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• 2021

In order to figure out various environmental problems, various governments and companies are investigating more environmentally policies and technologies. In other words, activated carbon is widely used for the adsorption of different harmful gases and waste liquid treatment. However since the required surface properties are different in various industry, depending on the adsorption properties, the development of activated carbon demand in different ways. In this work, we have investigated and developed the activated carbon surface to improve the hydrophilic properties by nitric acid treatment through reforming of activated carbon.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.991-999
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• 2018

In urban areas, the proportion of railway traffic in public transport is increasing. The congestion situation is repeated as the passengers concentrate on station and transfer facilities and the inconvenience of the passengers is increasing in terms of safety and convenience. Therefore, the importance of estimating the appropriate area of the station has been emphasized. The area estimation formula used in the metropolitan railway stations currently is a partial modification of the area estimation formula of Japan in the 1970s. It does not reflect changes in the social and cultural environment and patterns of passengers. The technical basis for major decision variables is insufficient. Therefore, the theoretical basis of the area estimation formula and the pedestrian environment satisfaction of the design guideline of metropolitan railway stations were analyzed in order to suggest improvement formula. The improved area estimation formula was verified by conducting field surveys on 5 stations of metropolitan railways and 15 stations of urban railways. The existing area estimation formula is LOS E grade for the main space. However, the LOS D grade is implemented when the improved area estimation formula is applied. Based on the results, the design factors for the area estimation formula are suggested.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.353-357
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• 2011

For the purpose of introducing hydrophilic function to pristine PVDF, pristine PVDF was modified under atmosphere and aqueous vapor by irradiating electron beam (EB). EB dose was varied from 0 to 125 K Gray, respectively. Their changes of chemical composition /structure were observed and evaluated by FT-IR, EDS and DSC. Also, their surface behaviors were evaluated by contact angle. In FT-IR study, it was confirmed that hydroxyl functions were introduced to pristine PVDF. In EDS analysis, mole ratio of F (fluoride) was almost constant (about 33%) in spite of increasing EB dose, meaning that hydroxyl function was introduced via dehydrozenation, not via deflurodination. In DSC study, $T_g$ increased with increasing EB dose, which was reconfirmed that hydroxyl function was introduced via dehydrozenation. $T_m$ increased with increasing EB dose, inferring that the increase in EB dose led to more outbreak of hydroxyl function which led to more enhanced hydrogen bond. In the result of contact angle, pristine PVDF film was $62^{\circ}$ and 125 K Gray-irradiated PVDF film was even $13^{\circ}$. All results showed that pristine PVDF was successfully changed to hydrophilic PVDF.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.120-128
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• 2022

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are a basic component in the electronics industry and are widely used in nearly all electronic products, such as mobile phones, tablet computers, and digital cameras, as well as in electric equipment. PCB manufacturing involves the use of many chemicals and chemical processes and therefore has more risks than other manufacturing sectors. This study aims to identify the causes of possible accidents during PCB manufacturing through risk assessment, develop and implement safety measures, and evaluate the effectiveness of these measures. Note that the safety measures developed to mitigate the risks of a certain process were also implemented for other similar processes. The risk assessments conducted over seven years, from 2015 to 2021, at a PCB manufacturing company identified 361 hazardous processes. Between 2016 and 2019, 41-56 hazardous processes were identified per year; such processes decreased to fewer than 20 per year after 2020. Application of the risk assessment results to the improvement of the hazardous processes with the similar characteristics seems to be effective in decreasing the risks. Equipment-related factors such as lack of appropriate maintenance, low work standards, and defective protection devices were responsible for 59.8% of all possible accidents. Because PCB manufacturing involves many chemicals, skin contact with hazardous substances, electric shock, fire, and explosion were the most common types of possible accidents (81.7%). In total, 505 safety measures were implemented, including 157 related to purchase and improvement of equipment and devices for safety (31.1%), 147 related to the installation/modification of fire prevention facilities (29.1%), and 69 related to the use of standard electrical appliances (13.7%). Risk assessment conducted after implementing the safety measures showed that these measures significantly decreased risk; 247 processes (68.4%) had a risk level of 3, corresponding to "very low," and 114 processes (31.6%) showed a risk level of 4, corresponding to "low." In particular, risk assessment of 104 processes with risk scores of 12 and 10 other processes with risk score of 16 showed that the risk decreased to 4 after implementing the safety measures. Thus, implementing these measures in similar manufacturing sectors that involve chemical processes can mitigate risk.