• 대한가정학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.109-122
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to find a mother's influence on her children regarding environmental preservation. The questions of this study are how a mother's background variables influence on their own behaviors, how the children's background variables influences on their own behaviors, how a mother's background variables influence on their children behaviors. This is used self-writing questionaires the 538 subjects are 4th, 5th and 6th grade children and their mothers living in Kwangiu, in June, 1998. The data are analyzed by Frequency, Percentage, Mean, Pearson's correlation, Regression analysis, Path analysis, Coronbach'$\alpha$ coefficent, and Factor analysis. These are the major resets of this study. 1) In case of mothers, the background variables for them to be influenced the environmental presentation behaviors show the frequency of contact for environmental information, average income, family cohesions, the level of communication, egoistic orientation, and age. 2) In Children, the background variables which are influenced on their environmental presentation behaviors represent the frequency of contact for environmental information, family cohesion, biospheric orientation, and the grade level of children. This is, the children who have the more chance of environmental information contact, the higher family cohesion, the higher biospheric orientation, and the lower grade level show the more environmental preservation behaviors. 3) The children who grow seeing their mothers'environmental behaviors such as sorted disposal, recycle behavior, and purchasing behaviors also show the more same behaviors.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.57-73
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• 2008

이 논문은 어떤 환경정책이 의사결정자들의 부(wealth)에 외생적인 위험을 증대시키는 경우 그러한 환경정책의 파급효과가 직접적으로는 상관이 없는 것으로 보일 수 있는 여타 경제적 의사결정에까지 미친다는 것을 기회향상모형을 통해 이론적으로 보인다. 이 논문에서 우리는 어떠한 환경정책에 의해 의사결정자들의 부에 외생적 위험이 커지는 경우 위험기피적인 의사결정자들은 여타 기회향상적 의사결정에서 보다 더 위험기피적으로 행동한다는 것을 입증하고, 이러한 결론이 환경정책의 수립과 시행과정에서 가지는 함의를 논의한다.

• 대기
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.501-511
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• 2013

In this study, we estimate the background concentration of black carbon (BC) mass concentration measured at Gosan Climate Observatory from January 2008 to December 2011 by applying six methods: (1) Mean and Median (2) Trimmed mean method deployed in Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network program (hereafter, IMPROVE method), (3) Concentration-frequency distribution analysis method, (4) Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) method (hereafter, AGAGE method), (5) Kaufman et al. (2001) method (hereafter, Kaufman method), and (6) Airmass sector analysis. The background concentration of BC mass concentrations is estimated to be about 400~900 ng $m^{-3}$, but each method shows a large difference. The estimated background concentration, in general, is arranged in the order of: mean > IMPROVE method > median > Kaufman method > concentration-frequency distribution analysis method > AGAGE method. The background concentration estimated by the airmass sector analysis is found to be about 550 ng $m^{-3}$ which is lower than those estimated by other methods. When we apply the same analytical period (i.e., 4-day and 6-day) to both AGAGE and Kaufman methods, the estimated background concentrations are quite similar. However, further researches on the development of statistical method for estimating background concentration for various gas-phase and particulate pollutants under different environment are needed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.301-308
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• 2002

As part of perfluorocarbon (PFC) tracer release experiment conducted at the western coastal area of Korea in February 2001, the background concentration level of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) in the atmosphere was determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detector. Prior to the PFC tracer release experiment in the field, air samples were collected using active samplers and the background concentrations of PFCs were determined. The concentrations of perfluoromethylcyclohexane ($C_7F_{14}$, PMCH) in the western coastal area of Korea were in the range of 5.8-8.7 fL/L. The mean concentration of the PMCH in the region exhibited no significant spatial and temporal variations. This concentration level is somewhat higher and has larger standard deviation than those of studies previously conducted in USA and Europe on the background concentration levels of PFCs. Because the background concentration of PMCH in Korea is still very low and consistent temporally and spatially, the PMCH tracer can be used suitably for the studies of long-range atmospheric transport.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.357-368
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• 2017

To establish new metal groundwater standard, 5 metals such as aluminum, chromium, iron, manganese, and selenium were evaluated by Chemical Ranking Of groundWater pollutaNts (CROWN) including possibility of exposure, toxicity, interest factor, connection standard for other media, and data reliability. 430 groundwater samples in 2013 and 2014 were collected semiannually from 110 groundwater wells and they were analyzed for selenium, manganese, iron, chromium, and aluminum. For this study, 430 groundwater samples were categorized into 3 geological distribution features, such as igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock region and geological background levels were divided by pre-selection methods. For the results, the average concentrations of aluminum, chromium, iron, manganese, and selenium in 430 groundwater samples were $0.0008mg\;L^{-1}$, $0.0001mg\;L^{-1}$, $0.174mg\;L^{-1}$, $0.083mg\;L^{-1}$, and $0.0004mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. In addition, among various geologies, average concentration of selenium was the highest in igneous rock region, average concentrations of chromium, manganese and aluminum were the greatest in sedimentary rock region, and average concentration of iron was the most high in metamorphic rock region. As a result of the geological background concentration with pre-selection method, background concentrations of selenium and aluminum in groundwater samples were the highest from sedimentary rock as $0.0010mg\;L^{-1}$ and $0.0029mg\;L^{-1}$ and background concentrations of manganese and iron in groundwater samples were the greatest from metamorphic rock as $0.460mg\;L^{-1}$ and $1.574mg\;L^{-1}$, and no chromium background concentration in groundwater samples was found from all geology.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.64-78
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• 2019

2016~2017년 '국가해양생태계 종합조사(연안생태계)'에서 얻어진 495개의 퇴적물 중금속 자료를 이용하여 한반도 연안 퇴적물의 중금속 배경농도를 산정하고 오염도를 평가하였다. 퇴적물 입도를 나타내는 지시자로 Al, Cs, Li이 적절하였으며, 이 들과 중금속 농도 사이의 관계에서 이상치 제거 및 잔차 분석을 통하여 가장 낮은 기울기의 자료를 선택하여 중금속과 지시자 사이의 회귀 직선으로 배경농도를 표시하였다. 기존 연구에서의 배경농도와 본 연구의 결과는 비교적 잘 일치하였으며, 본 연구에서는 As 및 Cd에 대해 처음으로 제시하였고, 지시자로 Li을 사용한 배경농도 식을 처음으로 제시하였다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2015

In this paper, we propose a method to solve ghosting problem. To generate adaptive background, using an exponentially decreasing number of frames, may improve object detection performance. To extract moving objects from the background by using a differential image, detection error may be caused by object rotations or environmental changes. A ghosting problem can be issue-driven when there are outdoor environmental changes and moving objects. We studied that a differential image by adaptive background may reduce the ghosting problem. In experimental results, we test that our method can solve the ghosting problem.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2011

The aerosol nanoparticles are suspected to be exposed to workers in nanomaterial manufacturing facilities. However, the exposure assessment method has not been established. One of important issues is to characterize background level of nanoparticles in workplaces. In this study, intensive aerosol measurements were made at a $TiO_2$ manufacturing laboratory for five consecutive days in May of 2010. The $TiO_2$ nanoparticles were manufactured by the thermal-condensation process in a heated tube furnace. The particle number size distribution was measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer every 5 min, in order to detect particles ranging from 14.5 to 664 nm in diameter. Total particle number concentration shows a severe diurnal variation irrespective of manufacturing process, which was governed by nanoparticles smaller than 50 nm in diameter. During the background monitoring periods, significant peak concentrations were observed between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m. due to the infiltration of secondary aerosol particles formed by photochemical smog. Although significant increase in nanoparticle concentration was also observed during the manufacturing process twice among three times, these particle peak concentrations were lower than those observed during the background measurement. It is suggested that the investigation of background particle contamination is needed prior to conducting main exposure assessment in nanomaterial manufacturing workplaces or laboratories.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.149-156
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• 2018

Oxidation of Ciprofloxacin, Trimethoprim, and Enrofloxacin by ozone was experimentally investigated to observe the effects of background water quality (such as ultrapure water, humic acid, and biologically treated wastewater) and water temperature on the removal rate of these antibiotics, and, thereby, to be able to provide design information when the ozone treatment process is adopted. Initial concentrations of the antibiotics spiked to $10{\mu}g/L$, and the ozone dose was 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 mg/L. While the removal rate of Ciprofloxacin under ultrapure water background by ozone oxidation was over 99%, the removal rate under humic acid and biologically treated wastewater background was markedly lower, in the range of 49.3% ~ 99% and 19.8 % ~ 99 %, respectively. When water temperature is decreased from $20^{\circ}C$ to $4^{\circ}C$, the removal rate is reduced from the range of 19.8% ~ 99 % to the range of 7.5 % ~ 99 % under a biologically treated wastewater background. The effects of background and temperature on the removal rate of Trimethoprim and Enrofloxacin were similar to that of Ciprofloxacin, but the degree was different. Therefore, it is concluded that the background of water to be treated, as well as water temperature, should be taken into consideration when the design factor, such as ozone dose, is determined, so that the treatment objective of the ozone treatment process can be most effectively met.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.347-356
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• 2017

Oxidation of erythromycin, sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole by ozone was experimentally investigated to see the effects of background water quality such as ultrapure water, humic acid and biologically treated wastewater and water temperature on the removal rate, consequently to provide design information when the ozone treatment process is adopted. Initial concentration of the antibiotics was spiked to $10{\mu}g/l$ and ozone dose was 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 mg/l. While the removal rate of erythromycin under ultrapure water background by ozone oxidation was over 99%, that under humic acid and biologically treated wastewater background was markedly reduced to the range of 59.8%~99% and 17.0%~99%, respectively. When water temperature is decreased from $20^{\circ}C$ to $4^{\circ}C$, the removal rate is reduced from the range of 17.0%~99% to the range of 9.4%~97.4% under biologically treated wastewater background. The effects of background and temperature on the removal rate of sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole were similar to erythromycin, but the degree was different. Therefore, it is concluded that the background of water to be treated as well as water temperature should be taken into consideration when the design factor such as ozone dose is determined to meet the treatment objective in the ozone treatment process.