• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.169-198
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• 1996

The objectives of this investigation are : 1. To analyze spectral signature and the associated vegetation index for geometric illumination conditions inf1uenced by low solar elevation and high slope orientations in mountainous forest. 2. To assess the accuracy of the spectral angle mapper classification for the a winter land cover in comparison with the maximum likelihood classification. 3. To produce the image of water quality and water properties that could be used to estimate the water pollution sources and the tide-included by turbid water in estuarine and coastal areas. These objectives are to characterize environmental and ecological monitoring applications of the Nak-Dong River Basin by using Fuyo-1 OPS VNIR data acquired on December 26, 1992. The results of this paper are as follows : 1. The spectral digital numbers and vegetation indexes (NDVI and TVI) of mountainous forest are higher on the slope facing the sun than on the slope hidden the sun under low sun elevation condition. 2. The spectral angle mapper algorithm produces a more accurate land cover classification of areas with steep slope, various aspects and low solar elevation than the maximum likelihood classifier. 3. The maximum likelihood classification images can be used for identifying the location and movement of both freshwater and salt water, regardless of geometric illumination conditions. 4. The color-coded density sliced image of selected water bodies by using the near-infrared band 3 can provide distribution of the water quality of the Lower Nak-Dong River. 5. The color-coded normalized difference vegetation index image of the selected mountain forest is suitable to classify winter vegetation cover types, i.e., forest canopy densities for slope orientations.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.52 no.spc2
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• pp.765-776
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to provide the legal and institutional guidelines and standards that can be used in the whole river restoration project and to analyze and evaluate the performance of the river project. We constructed an assessment system of four biological taxa that can represent the river environments, namely, evaluation indexes and standards of vegetation and birds, benthic invertebrates and fishes. Specifically, the assessment indicator and criteria of biological characteristics are summarized, so that in case of vegetation community, vegetation diversity, vegetation complexity, and vegetation naturalness can be quantitatively assessed through the combination of three indices. Based on the scientific basis of the advanced techniques, benthic invertebrates, fishes, and birds were proposed to quantitatively evaluate assessment grades according to the classification of biological data. In order to evaluate biological characteristics, which are a part of river environmental naturalness, we proposed a comprehensive biological index and evaluation grade applying the weight of these four biological taxa, and it clearly reflects the characteristics of river environment in test bed.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 2021

As the global business environment changes, uncertainties in technology development and market needs increase, and competition among companies intensifies, interests and demands for R&D activities of individual companies are increasing. In order to cope with these environmental changes, R&D companies are strengthening R&D investment as one of the means to enhance the qualitative competitiveness of R&D while paying more attention to facility investment. As a result, facilities or R&D investment elements are inevitably a burden for R&D companies to bear future uncertainties. It is true that the management strategy of increasing investment in R&D as a means of enhancing R&D capability is highly uncertain in terms of corporate performance. In this study, the structural factors that influence the R&D capabilities of companies are explored in terms of technology management capabilities, R&D capabilities, and corporate classification attributes by utilizing data mining techniques, and the characteristics these individual factors present according to the level of R&D capabilities are analyzed. This study also showed cluster analysis and experimental results based on evidence data for all domestic R&D companies, and is expected to provide important implications for corporate management strategies to enhance R&D capabilities of individual companies. For each of the three viewpoints, detailed evaluation indexes were composed of 7, 2, and 4, respectively, to quantitatively measure individual levels in the corresponding area. In the case of technology management capability and R&D capability, the sub-item evaluation indexes that are being used by current domestic technology evaluation agencies were referenced, and the final detailed evaluation index was newly constructed in consideration of whether data could be obtained quantitatively. In the case of corporate classification attributes, the most basic corporate classification profile information is considered. In particular, in order to grasp the homogeneity of the R&D competency level, a comprehensive score for each company was given using detailed evaluation indicators of technology management capability and R&D capability, and the competency level was classified into five grades and compared with the cluster analysis results. In order to give the meaning according to the comparative evaluation between the analyzed cluster and the competency level grade, the clusters with high and low trends in R&D competency level were searched for each cluster. Afterwards, characteristics according to detailed evaluation indicators were analyzed in the cluster. Through this method of conducting research, two groups with high R&D competency and one with low level of R&D competency were analyzed, and the remaining two clusters were similar with almost high incidence. As a result, in this study, individual characteristics according to detailed evaluation indexes were analyzed for two clusters with high competency level and one cluster with low competency level. The implications of the results of this study are that the faster the replacement cycle of professional managers who can effectively respond to changes in technology and market demand, the more likely they will contribute to enhancing R&D capabilities. In the case of a private company, it is necessary to increase the intensity of input of R&D capabilities by enhancing the sense of belonging of R&D personnel to the company through conversion to a corporate company, and to provide the accuracy of responsibility and authority through the organization of the team unit. Since the number of technical commercialization achievements and technology certifications are occurring both in the case of contributing to capacity improvement and in case of not, it was confirmed that there is a limit in reviewing it as an important factor for enhancing R&D capacity from the perspective of management. Lastly, the experience of utility model filing was identified as a factor that has an important influence on R&D capability, and it was confirmed the need to provide motivation to encourage utility model filings in order to enhance R&D capability. As such, the results of this study are expected to provide important implications for corporate management strategies to enhance individual companies' R&D capabilities.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.39-50
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• 2011

This study furnishes basis data for plan foundation and proper valuation of view by presenting objective and concrete selection standards and ways of Landscape Control Point(LCP) on valuation of development projects. To sum up the results of study, it establishes the prospect, publicity and direction of view as a selection standard LCP on precedent studies. The prospect, which includes visual range, direction of view, geographical features, and visibility, sets up as a valuation basis picking out the available places which have alterations according to direction and distance in practice. In the case of publicity, to select the place as there presentative area where public activities often happen than others, thirteen evaluation indexes including administration facilities, educational facilities, commercial facilities and so on. And variation of landscape is set up as an assessment index to know how much the land has changed from the beginning to the end of development. To apply the selection standards to sample places, the preliminary LCP is founded by analyzing both the prospect and published; a series of courses for selecting the final LCP is founded by analyzing the preliminary LCP and variableness of landscape on a basic of placed which have many alterations of view. At last, in the case of a selection system for LCP, the preliminary LCP is founded by analyzing both the prospect and publicity; a series of courses for selecting the final LCP is found by analyzing the preliminary LCP and variableness of landscape. Applying selection standards and the assessment index to the Sam-deok 3 residence improvement area, in the case of prospect, the southern distant view area has the largest extent. Next, the results of the assessment using the system of publicity show that a five-lane road is taking up the largest area. Hence, a total of 48 preliminary LCPs are set up by analyzing both the prospect and publicity. The results of analyzing landscape variation, one of the valuation indexes, show that Sam-deok dong around the post office has the highest rate of variation at 28.07%. Finally, three LCPs in each part, which are close range, middle range and distance view, are selected; thus, a total of nine LCPs are selected. The selected LCPs that go through a series of practical courses like a GIS program have a lot of professional opinions and are expected to secure objectivity of landscape assessment.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.247-256
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• 2012

Stable carbon isotope ratio of oil components are known to be unaffected by weathering processes and thus has been widely used to determine the origin of spilled oil. In this study, molecular index and composition of stable carbon isotope in 15 crude oils and petroleum product were analyzed and used as oil fingerprints to determine the discriminating power of each fingerprinting method among target crude oils. Through the fingerprints of alkane distribution only Bintulu and B-C(1%) were distinguishable from other crude oils. The pristane/phytane ratio can classify the crude oils into three groups but differentiation of crude oils within a group was impossible using the ratio. The crude oils of A.L., A.S.L., Foroozan and B-C(1%) were differentiated from the other oils using PAH source recognition indexes of C2D/C2P and C3D/C3P. The usage of 4-mD/1-mD and 2/3-mD/1-mD ratio was able to distinguish A.S.L., Bintulu and Oman from the other crude oils. However the PAH source recognition ratios in the other crude oils were similar and thus they were impractical to be used for source identification among the target crude oils. Stable carbon isotope ratios of alkanes were able to uniquely specify each crude oil in the plot of ${\delta}^{13}C_{C21}$ and ${\delta}^{13}C_{C25}$ except A.L., A.M., Qatar-Marine, B-C(1%). The oil fingerprinting method using stable carbon isotope ratios of individual alkane compounds showed more discriminating power among the target crude oils than the conventional source recognition indexes of PAHs or alkanes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.1551-1558
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• 2009

The management of skeletal health in the twenties is the number one priority for preventing fracture or osteoporosis occurrence in later life cycle. Therefore, the factors influencing bone mineral density were examined by anthropometric measurements, food intakes, bone mineral density and biochemical nutritional indexes in blood among college students. Among the students who received health examinations from May to December, 2007, 532 male and 507 female students who agreed to participate in the study were selected. Nutritional intakes were estimated with 3-day 24-hour recall method. Bone mineral density was measured by ultrasonic attenuation passing through right calcaneus bone and expressed as broadband ultrasound attenuation and t-score was calculated by WHO criteria. Red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit values were measured by whole blood analysis, and alkaline phosphatase, serum calcium and serum iron were used as indexes for biochemical nutritional status. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 14.0 program, and protecting and risk factors on bone health status were analyzed by logistic regression analysis between normal bone health group (t-score$\underline{\geq}$ -1.0) and osteopenia group (t-score<-1.0). The results showed that more people belong to the normal bone health group probably because this study was conducted among those with their peak bone density. Biochemical nutritional status and nutrition intakes of both groups for normal and osteopenia did not show statistically significant difference except MCHC, animal protein and animal iron intakes in female. According to the results of logistic regression analyses, dietary intakes of animal protein, animal iron and zinc showed protecting effects against osteopenia. Therefore, dietary nutritional intakes of micronutrients, especially iron and zinc are important for bone health of young people.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.225-235
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• 2008

The objective of this study is to evaluate the hydrological feasibility of heightening the Dae-ah reservoir in order to save instream flow at the Bong-dong station situated in the Mankyoung river. The results are summarized as follows. Firstly, from the Dong-sang and Dae-ah cascaded reservoir's water balance analysis, water supply indexes of the Dae-ah reservoir were analyzed to have the rate of water supply divided by watershed area of 1207.4 mm, the rate of water supply divided by rainfall of 95.8%, the rate of water supply divided by inflow of 153.1%, the rate of water supply divided by storage capacity of 236.1%, and the rate of inflow divided by storage capacity of 200.6%. Secondly, from the Dae-ah and Kyoung-cheon paralleled reservoir's water balance analysis, flow durations at the Bong-dong station were analyzed to have the Q95 (the 95th high flow) of $28.95m^3/s$, the Q185 (the 185th high flow) of $2.00m^3/s$, the Q275 (the 275th high flow) of $2.00m^3/s$, and the Q355 (the 355th high flow) of $0.82m^3/s$. Thirdly, in case of heightening the full water level of the Dae-ah reservoir of 10m, from the Dong-sang and Dae-ah cascaded reservoir's water balance analysis, water supply indexes of the Dae-ah reservoir were analyzed to have the rate of water supply divided by watershed area of 1220.7 mm, the rate of water supply divided by rainfall of 96.8%, the rate of water supply divided by inflow of 154.6%, the rate of water supply divided by storage capacity of 160.0%, and the rate of inflow divided by storage capacity of 137.0%. Fourthly, in case of heightening the full water level of the Dae-ah reservoir of 10m, from the Dae-ah and Kyoung-cheon paralleled reservoir's water balance analysis, flow durations at the Bong-dong station were analyzed to have the Q95 of $28.09m^3/s$, the Q185 of $1.79m^3/s$, the Q275 of $1.79m^3/s$, and the Q355 of $0.82m^3/s$. The conclusion appeared not to have the hydrological feasibility of heightening the Dae-ah reservoir from the reason that increased storage capacity does not increase water supply amount any more because of the high rate of the water supply divided by inflow.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2015

Environmental pesticides used for insect control can be transferred from plants to animals even to livestock animals through food chain. Human beings also can be exposed to pesticides by consuming polluted dairy products, including meats, eggs and other milk products. Therefore, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) established Standard for Pesticide Residue Limits in dairy products. The QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) methods for detecting residual pesticides are relatively well established for fruits and vegetables, however, the methods for meat have not been appropriately studied yet. In the present work, pyraclofos was used as an organophosphate pesticide to examine its tissue residue in experimental animals by QuEChERS methods. For this, pyraclofos (150 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to male rats once a day for 2 days. After 6, 12, and 24 hr of the treatment, the tissue residues in liver and femoral muscle of the rats were determined using QuEChERS methods followed by HPLC analyses. In preliminary studies, the recovery rates of spiking samples of pyraclofos demonstrated approximately 109~110% from the tissues. In previous study, pyraclofos tissue residues were observed with significantly high levels in livers and muscles at 6 hr of oral treatment. Then, they were almost completely disappeared after 24 hr of the administration, indicating the orally exposed pyraclofos is rapidly absorbed and distributed to body organs, then quickly excreted from the body with a negligible level of tissue residue. The alterations in blood chemistry as well as the histopathology of heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney have also been investigated in the experimental animals for assessing acute toxic effects of pyraclofos. The obtained blood chemistry indexes (ALT and AST) showed maximum peak values at 12 hr after the oral administration and decreased to the normal levels at 24 hr of the treatment. Histopathologic observation exhibited acute hepatic damages at 24 hr of the treatment. In conclusion, we suggest that QuEChERS method can be adequately optimized for the analysis of pyraclofos residues in animal tissues.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.3B
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• pp.153-159
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• 2012

In this study, we proposed modified settling basins transformed by substituting the downstream sill for low head weirs such as generic labyrinth weir and inclined crest labyrinth weir worked as internal baffles. Laboratory experiments were carried out to understand hydraulic characteristics inside of the settling basin to improve the efficiency of sedimentation rate. For a quantitative analysis, we suggested the headwater ratio($H_t/P$), the magnification ratio(L/W) and the inflow rate per total crest length($q_L$) as primary analysis indexes for sedimentation efficiency. Six different types of settling basin were used for labscaled pilot tests by distinguishing with internal structures. Based on results, the variation of headwater ratio with the change of magnification ratio would highly affect the deposition efficiency(%) and it was improved under specific condition that repeating arrange number(N) of labyrinth weir was between 2 and 4. Also, the regression analysis showed that initial condition and shape for improving sedimentation efficiency were plotted on the graph for both $q_L{\geq}3.5cm^2/s$ and $L/W{\leq}3.5$. It would be expected that the geometrically optimized labyrinth settling basin could be designed with proper deposition efficiency for inflow rates of influent and required area of settling basin utilizing the proposed analysis index in this study.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.477-484
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• 2020

Reservoir operation affects the sustainability of a water supply. However, the increase in the temporal and spatial variability of rainfall, attributed to climate change, has led to severe droughts and increased difficulty in maintaining a sustainable discharge at certain locations in a reservoir system operation. In this study, water yield was evaluated using reservoir simulation with varied water supply. Three reservoir system models were simulated for nine reservoirs in the Han River basin. The time-based reliability, volumetric reliability, and resiliency were used to evaluate the results. Each case was simulated by applying firm supply, deficit supply, and deficit supply with historical power release of the Hwacheon Reservoir. As a result of the simulation, all indexes were increased when the deficit supply was applied. In particular, the time-based reliability increased by more than 30%, and the supply reliability increased by about 4%. The result showed that the water supply of the entire water system could be increased when all reservoirs in the water system were operated to supply water and maintain sustainable discharge at the same downstream point. The deficit supply was an efficient reservoir operation method for responding to climate change, especially increased rainfall variability.