• Journal of Applied Reliability
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.209-219
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• 2005

The required standards for environmental tests for communication and electronic equipment used currently are not standards into which the Korean climate and use environment are taken into consideration. But the most used environmental testing standards of the U.S. army(MIL-STD-810) has been used without taking into consideration the Korean domestic situation and conditions by simply translating the US standards. Adherence to these standards may increase in the manufacturing costs according to excessively strict standards. Therefore, this paper will propose a new environmental test standards for temperature.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.603-610
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• 2007

Recent urban sprawl has destroyed various kinds of green space in tile city. It has affected duality of people's life in the city, as well as urban ecosystem. Recent study shows the possibilities of roofs as green spaces in urban central site where the land costs are generally high. This research focuses on Jung-Gu district in Daegu Metropolitan city as a study area and calculates possible area of green roof using 2002 Autocad program based on aerial photographs and land registration maps. And the purpose of this research is to analyze environmental and economic effects of green roof. The environmental effects are as follows. It is expected that $91,106m^2$ green spaces, 12.13 % of study site, will be added if green roof is performed in the study site. It is assumed that the expanded areas could reduce the highest temperature to $0.5-1.0^{\circ}C$ during the summer in terms of environmental effect. And the following shows the economic effects. If green roof and greening urban central site are created as a same size of $91,106m^2$, it will be expected that the costs of green roof will be much more in-expensive than about 98 billions won. It will be also found that the expense of cooling energy can be saved out about 8 millions won per day in summer, if grass planting is accomplished on the possible areas of green roof in the study site. Therefore, it is desirable to take legal supports such as enacting regulations to activate green roof for more environmental and economic effects. For instance, green roof for public institutions, school and model area selection are desirable method to publicize the effect of greening program for citizen's participation.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.17-41
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• 2021

Kazakhstan's cities experience high concentrations levels of atmospheric particulate matter (PM), which is well-known for its highly detrimental effect on the human health. A further increase in PM concentrations in the future could lead to a higher air pollution-caused morbidity and mortality, causing an increase in healthcare expenditures by the government. However, to prevent elevated PM concentrations in the future, more stringent standards could be implemented by lowering current maximum allowable PM concentration limit to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s limits. Therefore, this study aims to find out what impact this change in environmental policy towards PM has on state economy in the long run. Future PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were estimated using multiple linear regression based on gross regional product (GRP) and population growth parameters. Dose-response model was based on World Health Organization's approach for the identification of mortality, morbidity and healthcare costs due to air pollution. Analysis of concentrations revealed that only 6 out of 21 cities of Kazakhstan did not exceed the EU limit on PM10 concentration. Changing environmental standards resulted in the 71.7% decrease in mortality and 77% decrease in morbidity cases in all cities compared to the case without changes in environmental policy. Moreover, the cost of morbidity and mortality associated with air pollution decreased by $669 million in 2030 and $2183 million in 2050 in case of implementation of OECD standards. Thus, changing environmental regulations will be beneficial in terms of both of mortality reduction and state budget saving.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.1693-1705
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• 2013

To restore old aqueduct in Korea which is a irrigation bridge to supply water in paddy field area, it is needed to estimate approximate costs of restoration because the basic design for estimation of construction costs is often ruled out in current system. In this paper, estimating models of construction costs were developed on the basis of performance data for restoration of RC aqueduct bridges since 2003. The regression analysis (RA) model and case-based reasoning (CBR) model for the estimation of construction costs were developed respectively. Error rate of simple RA model was lower than that of multiple RA model. CBR model using genetic algorithm (GA) has been applied in the estimation of construction costs. In the model three factors like attribute weight, attribute deviation and rank of case similarity were optimized. Especially, error rate of estimated construction costs decreased since limit ranges of the attribute weights were applied. The results showed that error rates between RA model and CBR models were inconsiderable statistically. It is expected that the proposed estimating method of approximate costs of aqueduct restoration will be utilized to support quick decision making in phased rehabilitation project.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.1623-1629
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• 2010

The high speed rolling stock system considerably belongs to a special industry which requires large-scale investment cost but the recovery term is long. Therefore, to guarantee risk and possibility of technological success in initial investment, tools concerned with various expecting methods like life cycle costs analysis and credibility management are used. In view of this characteristics, the cases on cost structure for HSR RS previously invested should be studied and the method to appropriately allocate the life cycle of each sub-system like arrangement unit, electric device, braking device, door and car body should be realized. Moreover, the environmental aspects of main manufacturer and parts supplier can be checked. This study, through the case study for HSR cost structure in introduction and operational stage of KTX, aims to seek for the method to adapt to environmental changes like EU railway industry of which object is to acquire global market competitiveness by integrating manufacturing and operation of RS and the regulation and operation of IRIS which is performed in Europe.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.166-175
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• 2022

Current food system has developed with the agricultural innovation to feed the increasing population of the world, but with high costs such as environmental contamination and inequality with low sustainability. Human has developed long history of mutualistic interaction with honey bee. This manuscript describes the multi-functionality of honey bee for food production. Firstly honey bee produces honey, bee pollen, royal jelly and propolis which are rich in functionality. Second honey bee serves as the main pollinator for crop production which is worth for 28% of total crop production values in Korea. Lastly honey bee can be an alternative meat produciton system with lower energy, carbon costs but higher nutritional security. This manuscript described those parts and discussed the multi-functionality of honey bees for eco-friendly food security pursuing lowered environmental cost and carbon-zero strategies in the climate change era.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.591-596
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• 2014

This study investigates the perception of the sunken costs of an urban development project, which is currently a social problem through a questionnaire survey. The results indicate that local and federal governments, political authorities, association members, landowners, etc. partially recognize their responsibility in bearing the sunken cost. It is also found that all stakeholders who participated in the maintenance project felt shared responsibility of bearing the sunken costs and exchanging solutions to mitigate the same, rather than making one party deal with the same. This study also suggests that with regard to reducing these sunken costs, the public sector should offer indirect support (by bearing the cost of infrastructure, tax benefits, regulation relaxation, etc.) rather than direct support so that the association members can make a reasonable choice on the project execution.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2004.05b
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• pp.95-97
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• 2004

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.23 no.1 s.97
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• pp.90-98
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to apply the activity-based costing (ABC) model to restaurant menu costing. The overhead cast of six entr${\acute{e}}$es in XYZ restaurant was calculated for all levels of activity. When comparing activity-based costing with traditional costing applied to BBQ pork rib and an assorted seafood platter, the total difference of costs between two items was 2,191 won in activity-based costing and 600 won in traditional costing. The average food cast percentage of the six entr${\acute{e}}$es was 27% using traditional costing, while the average activity-based cost percentage was 40%. Therefore, there was a 13% difference between the actual margin volume and the expected margin volume. The application of activity-based costing to the restaurant industry would be a milestone from a cost point of view as well as from a process point of view. In particular, the limitation that traditional costing only accounts for food costs could be overcome b considering the overhead cost as an important part of the cast structure. Furthermore, activity-based costing would not only help to reduce the costs associated with the process of analyzing the activities but it would also provide more accurate cost information for menu pricing.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.394-399
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• 2009

Since some decades ago, there has been a concern for resource depletion and environmental pollution associated with building properties. In addressing such impact of the built environment, there is a recognition of the existence of alternative building materials, fuels for energy supply as well as technologies for waste handling and disposal. Nevertheless, for long time, the choice between such alternatives was dictated by factors such as differences in prices and aesthetic values. A new important dimension in discriminating between different options is the environmental dimension. This aspect is important since buildings are one of the spatially big new additions to the natural environment that consume a lot of materials and energy during their long lifetime. Thus, with the environmental dimension kept in mind, a existing cost estimation needs to be changed. A new cost assessment method, Life Cycle Cost, should calculate overall costs with dimensional factors: investment and utility costs as well as maintenance costs over the lifetime of the building. Aiming to give an overview of the present status of Building Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) tools as a basis for further research and development including economic performance, this paper describes and compares 3 different tools for Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) and economic analysis of the green buildings. This paper compared these approaches based on various aspects. These include economic analysis method, evaluation duration, data of results(index). Use of the comparison analysis is to produce a better picture and indicate profits and shortcomings for the tools as a group; thus providing important direction improvement of LCA tool as well as further research and development of this group of tools.