• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.59-64
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• 2001

On July 5, 1997, environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan publicized the recycling regulation of waste home appliances that include four items, namely, television, refrigerator, washing machine, and air conditioner. It is believed that this regulation pioneers the law enforcement of waste home appliances in the world. To comply with tile policy, several contemporary waste disposal plants specialized in waste home appliances were established according to a follow-up technical specification oil the waste treatment facilities and methodology. Therefore, the traditional dismantling facilities were substituted and waste collection routes were altered as well accordingly. This study investigates the collection and recycling costs of waste home appliances in accordance with these newly established routes and facilities, respectively. Cost survey was conducted among collectors and recycling plants of waste home appliances; consequently, tire collection and recycling costs were analyzed, correspondingly. Results show that the recycling costs of waste home appliances were much higher than that of other waste items. Since the market share of recycled materials is lacking, these waste recycling plants of home appliances can only survive under the subsidy of EPA in Taiwan. Due to some arduous problems, the subsidiary system has already caused serious financial unbalance for a foundation under EPA of Taiwan, which associated with waste recycling in Taiwan.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.64-69
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• 2009

Because of their low operating and maintaining costs, ground-source heat pump(GSHP) systems are an increasingly popular choice for providing heating, cooling and water heating to public and commercial buildings. Despite these advantages and the growing awareness, GSHP systems to residential sectors have not been adopted in Korea until recently. A feasibility study of a residential GSHP system was therefore conducted using the traditional life cycle cost(LCC) analysis within the current electricity price framework and potential scenarios of that framework. As a result, when the current residential electricity costs for running the GSHP system are applied, the GSHP system has weak competitiveness to conventional HVAC systems considered. However, when the operating costs are calculated in the modified price frameworks of electricity, the residential GSHP system has the lower LCC than the existing cooling and heating equipments. The calculation results also show that the residential GSHP system has lower annual prime energy consumption and total greenhouse gas emissions than the alternative HVAC systems considered in this work.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 2016

This study designed a model of the efficient production schemes and raw materials transportation optimization of current South Korean's simple and monolithic distribution system of wood to build a SCM (supply chain management) as a basic level to establish a distribution of future by pellet production of raw materials costs and reduce transport costs, and specifically to forest of pallet to contribute to revitalizing the market. The result of each transportation costs after building the best transportation network from raw material supply area to demand area applying transport law was 964,600 thousands Won from 6 supply areas to 7 demand areas. And the result of each model's analysis to get the pellet's efficient production through production cost reduction showed that it reduced from 325,701 Won/t to 240,106 Won/t, results of existing efficient pellet for the production model 8,233 tons over 20,000 tons annual production capacity from the size of the expanded production capacity when the expansion. However, when the production size expanded to 50,000 Tons of the production, the effect was very small even though production cost decreased.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.153-162
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• 1992

A mathematical model for a long range water supply planning is developed as a dynamic capacitated facility location problem, in which operating costs and two types of fixed costs are considered. The fixed costs are for water supply systems such as dams and reservoirs and for water conveyance systems of waterways or conduits from each water supply points. A spreadsheet model is developed to support the efficiency of user interface and to implement a heuristic solution procedure. The proposed solution procedure utilizes SOLVER tool and it has been applied to a system with fictitious data but with reality and applicability in mind. As a result of the mathematical analysis, not only the most economic construction timings of surface water facilities and distribution systems but also the most economical water supply operating patterns are identified.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.313-323
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• 2010

Fuel consumption in fisheries is a primary concern due to environmental effects and costs to fishermen. Much research has been carried out to reduce the fuel consumption related to fishing operations. The fuel consumption of fishing gear during fishing operation is generally related to hydrodynamic resistance on the gear. This research demonstrates a new approach using numerical methods to reduce fuel consumption. By designing the fishing gear using drawing software, the whole and partial resistance force on the gear can be calculated as a result of simulations. The simulation results will suggest suitable materials or gear structure for reducing the hydrodynamic forces on the gear while maintaining the performance of the gear. This research will helpful to reduce the $CO_2$ emissions from fishing operations and lead to reduce fishing costs due to fuel savings.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.624-631
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• 2022

Highway Rest Areas are envisioned to provide an accessible space for rest and parking for travelers, especially those driving a long distance. In addition, modern highway Rest Areas provide many amenities to highway users, including wifi service, picnic tables, litter barrels, running water, public telephones, and sometimes even free coffee. Various studies were conducted in the domain of Rest Area facility design and their operating costs in different states; however, limited studies were conducted on the maintenance costs of these facilities. Therefore, this study's main objective is to compute the annual maintenance cost of Rest Areas in the state of Nevada. This study also analyzes the main cost categories of the maintenance works. The raw cost data of Nevada Rest Area maintenance from 1990 to 2012 were collected from the Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT). Results show that the maintenance cost fluctuated over the study period; the maintenance cost decreased from 1991 to 2004 and then increased until 2012. The primary cost categories of maintenance work are labor, equipment, and material costs. Among these, labor cost was the largest category with 56 percent of the total maintenance cost, followed by equipment cost and material cost. The findings of this study may help NDOT and other transportation agencies plan their budget for future Rest Area maintenance activities.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.459-472
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• 2015

A recently developed tunnel section enlargement method can maintain traffic flow during construction by using a protector. By keeping traffic flowing, it can minimize the lost time and costs associated with diversions and also the accompanying environmental pollution. On the other hand, installing the protector can lengthen the construction period and increase the direct cost. This paper presents a method for analyzing the economic feasibility of tunnel section enlargement methods considering the direct construction cost and the indirect social cost. The indirect costs are divided into categories of: vehicle driving cost, travel time delay cost, and environmental pollution cost. The economic efficiency of existing technology is compared with the new method in an case study of Namsan Tunnel 3.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.117-126
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• 2019

Activated carbon is carbon produced from carbonaceous source materials, such as coconut shells, coals, and woods. In this study, an activated carbon production system was analyzed by carbonization and activation in terms of environmental impact and human health. The feedstock of wood wastes for the system reduced fossil fuel consumption and disposal costs. Life cycle assessment methodology was used to analyze the environmental impacts of the system, and the functional unit was one tonne of wood wastes. The boundary expansion method was applied to analyze the wood waste recycling process for activated carbon production. An environmental credit was quantified by avoided impact analysis. Specifically, greenhouse gases discharged from 1 kg of activated carbon production system by feeding wood wastes were evaluated. We found that this system reduced global warming potential of approximately $9.69E+00kg\;CO_2-eq$. compared to the process using coals. The environmental benefits for activated carbon production from wood wastes were analyzed in contrast to other disposal methods. The results showed that the activated carbon system using one tonne of wood wastes has an environmental benefit of $163kg\;CO_2-eq$. for reducing global warming potential in comparison with the same amount of wood wastes disposal by landfilling.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1073-1081
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• 2021

When firms have higher environmental performance, they can provide sustainable business that allows firms to build the value of credibility and ethics, higher reputation, higher productivity, and lower costs. The advantages of environmental responsibilities help firms to maintain their earnings level over a long-term period. This research aims to examine the effect of environmental performance on earnings persistence. Research samples include 413 manufacturing firms-years listed in the Indonesian Stock Exchange and the PROPER evaluation in 2013-2019. Environmental performance is measured by PROPER evaluation rating. The result shows that environmental performance has a positive effect on earnings persistence. The advantage of environmental responsibilities allows firms to enjoy performance sustainability and persistence in a long-term period, not only periodically. Also, the positive effect of environmental performance on earnings persistence occurs more in the environmentally sensitive industry than non-sensitive ones. Since an environmentally-sensitive industry brings more environmental damage, higher environmental performance is more valuable to provide sustainability. This research has limitations to use all the Indonesian Stock Exchange-listed firms since not all firms participate in the PROPER evaluation. This research implies firms' management should maintain earnings persistence and sustainability by implementing higher-quality environmental responsibility, especially for firms in an environmentally-sensitive industry.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.9-30
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• 1994

Environmental Impact Assessment System, ever since its enactment in Korea fourteen years ago, has been steadily improved by introduction and implementation of new concepts and methodologies which include Environmental Impact Statement(EIS) preparation technique, selection of environmental factors, and the like. However, current guideline requires that every EIS, regardless of the specifics of the project type or characteristics of the site, must evaluate and study for all twenty-two environmental factors as set forth in the regulation. The situation causes many undesirable problems like; lack of site specific evaluation in most EISs, over-sized EIS drafts, consuming too much time and costs for EIS preparation, and so on. The objectives of this study are: - To establish a set of criteria to classify the types of the projects in terms of features of the project content and the characteristics of the site area. - To establish a guideline for selecting major environmental factors of the project type criteria, and - To provide basic materials for the preparation of complets draft EIS of the Amendment of Environmental Impact Assessment Act.