• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.253-262
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of floor type and heating system on performance, housing environment and health status of ducks reared in three types of duck house (OD : Open floor house-Direct heating system, OF : Open floor house-Floor heating system and LD : Loft type house-Direct heating system). In OF treatment, PVC pipes were installed for heating under concrete floor and covered with litter. In LD treatment, plastic mesh was installed 50 cm above the floor so that duck's droppings can pass through it. Each treatment had four replicates of 25 birds (Cherry Valley duck breed) per pen. There were no significant differences in weight gain and feed intake of ducks for 6 weeks among all treatments. However, feed conversion ratio in LD was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that in OF. No differences were found in carcass charac- teristics, with the exception of abdominal fat weight where OF were higher than the others. Concentrations of $CO_2$ and $NH_3$ gas in OD were higher than those of OF and LD at 3, 4 and 5 weeks. Moisture content in litter of OF was lower than that of OD. In contrast, the amount of dust in the air was higher in OF than in OD. The amount of fuel used for 6 weeks in LD was lower about 21% than that in OD. Some of unusual symptoms were observed in open floor house and loft type house, such as lying, spraddle legged, twisted ankle and legs, wounded sole, or etc. No components of leukocyte and erythrocyte of blood were significantly different among all treatments. The results of this experiment showed that OF and LD systems had no positive effects on performance of meat type commercial duck. However, there were some positive effects of certain house type for the improvement of environmental condition in duck house for hygienic production. In the future, more research on the effect of various facilities and systems for duck house is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.148-161
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• 2016

In the case of the government, which plays a pivotal role in the landscape architecture system, the management of positions in landscape architectural organizations is lacking. At the local government level, while public officials for managing landscape architecture are being hired, there are problems and vulnerabilities in both management and system operations as such public officials recruited for positions in landscape architectural services operate under the forestry service. Accordingly, this study analyzed the Korean administrative system of public officials in the landscape architectural service and their satisfaction with the organizational culture and behavior. The aim was to provide practical data for improving the job satisfaction of public officials in landscape architectural service and enhance the status of landscape architecture. First, a survey was conducted regarding current organizational culture/behavior and job adequacy, and differences when compared to different job series with regards to the public officials in the landscape architectural service. The results indicated that job satisfaction of those in landscape architectural service was generally high, but they showed strong centralization, i.e., orders from superiors and limitations on autonomy. Second, an analysis was conducted to improve the organizational culture/behavior and job satisfaction of public officials in the landscape architectural service, and a comparative analysis was conducted on the differences between the analysis result and preceding studies by the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs(2006). The results indicated that organizational commitment/satisfaction of public officials in the landscape architectural service was relatively low among those who had a great amount of work experience related to forestry. Therefore, it was shown that it is necessary to ensure expertise in landscape architecture. Third, a comprehensive analysis was conducted regarding the influences on "working environment", "legal system" and "job allocation" in regard to public officials in land architectural service. The results indicated that satisfaction in the value system was high when given significance to the job as public officials in land architectural. However, their satisfaction in the land architectural system was low due to the lack of independence in their positions, the vulnerable legal system of land architectural service and low employment rates. Fourth, current public officials in landscape architectural service process tasks such as forestry, architecture, city planning and administration that are not related to their area of expertise. Therefore, an analysis was conducted on whether there is a difference in the job satisfaction of public officials in landscape architectural service according to statistical variables. It was identified that "legal system", "job satisfaction" and "organizational commitment" with regard to public officials in landscape architectural service can be improved through ensuring their expertise. This study suggests the following tasks to further inquire into landscape architecture in general. First, establish an identity of work allocation for public officials in the landscape architectural service, and second, establish an organizational constitution according to the positions in landscape architectural service. Accordingly, it is necessary for interested parties of landscape architecture to devise practical strategies so that such tasks can be converged administratively and reflected in policies.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.105-116
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• 2017

Murals in villages revitalize communities and spaces, and are economically efficient. Central and local governments are therefore actively undertaking Mural Village Projects but there are some issues and concerns about the projects for the provision of uniformed landscapes for the regions that are the result of a short-term completion of projects, and instead of cohesion, cause destruction of place identities. In addition, the problem of sustainable landscape management that is the result of low community involvement can be pointed out because the murals are products of government-led projects. The study covered the context of landscape and space change processes from a critical perspective, and focused on Ihwa-dong Mural Village, which is considered the first mural village in Korea and has begun to undergo drastic changes due to attention received from media. The purposes of this study are as follows. First, the study provides data about difference of place identity perception and landscape preference between residents and tourists in Ihwa-dong Mural Village. Second, this paper evaluates the current Mural Village Projects and finds alternative directions to improve the projects by using these data. This paper analyzed tourist hot spots in Ihwa-dong Mural Village by using SNS analysis, a field study and focus group interviews. The difference of place identity perception and landscape preference was examined among three groups: residents, new residents who are invited by Mural Village Projects, and tourists. This study showed that many tourists are focused on landscape areas that were not intentionally constructed projects. In addition, the locations of preferred landscapes and stores overlapped. Meanwhile, using qualitative data analysis, it was found that residents perceived the area as being an under-privileged location, while the murals, a non-daily landscape, largely affected place identity perception of new residents and tourists. For landscape preference, tourists preferred outdoor rest areas, while new residents and residents preferred less. Additionally, new residents and tourists preferred an area's night view while residents made no mention of this. Related to the direction of the projects, three groups showed their dependence on the government. This empirical study is significant from a participatory design perspective and in analyzing the issues for mural villages' landscapes, which are spreading across the nation and proceeding without criticism in urban regeneration. Implications for urban planners and suggestions for the future projects are given.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.448-454
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• 2000

This study was to examine the physicochemical characteristics of coagulation reaction between ignited oyster shell powder (IOSP) and red tide organisms (RTO), and its feasibility, in developing a technology for the removal of RTO bloom in coastal sea,IOSP was made from oyster shell and its physicochemical characteristics were examined for particle size distribution, surface characteristic by scanning electron microscope, zeta potential, and alkalinity and pH variations in sea water. Two kinds of RTO that were used in this study, Cylindrotheca closterium and Skeletonema costatum, were sampled in Masan bay and were cultured in laboratory. Coagulation experiments were conducted using various c(Incentrations of IOSP, RTO, and a jar tester. The supernatant and RTO culture solution were analyzed for pH, alkalinity, RTO cell number, IOSP showed positive zeta potentials of $11.1{\~}50.1\;mV\;at\;pH\;6.2{\~}12.7$, A positive zeta potential of IOSP slowly decreased with decreasing pNa 4,0 to 2,0. When pNa reached zero, the zeta potential approached zero, When a pMg value was decreased, the positive zeta potential of IOSP increased until pMg 3.0 and decreased below pMg 3.0. IOSP showed 4.8 mV of positive zeta potential while RTO showed -9.2 mV of negative zeta potential in sea water. A positive-negative EDL (electrical double-layer) interaction occurred between $Mg(OH)_2$ adsorption layer of IOSP and RTO in sea water so that EDL attractive force always worked between them. Hence, their coagulation reaction occurred at primary minimum on which an extreme attractive force acted because of charge neutralization by $Mg(OH)_2$ adsorption layer of IOSP. As a result, the coagulation reaction was rapidly processed and was irreversible according to DLVO (Deriaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) theory. Removal rates of RTO were exponentially increased with increasing both IOSP concentration and G-value. The removal rates were steeply increased until 50 mg/l of IOSP and reached $100{\%}\;at\;400\;mg/l$ of IOSP. Removal rates of RTO were $70.5,\;70.5,\;81.7,\;85.3{\%}$ for G-values of $1,\;6,\;29,\;139\;sec^(-1)$at IOSP 100 mg/l, respectively. This indicated that mixing (i.e., collision among particles) was very important for a coagulation reaction.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.348-355
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• 2000

This paper described the relationship between the behavior of the Israeli carp, Cyprinus carpio and the environmental noise level due to the dynamite explosion work. The experiment was conducted in the cage ($L10{\times}W4{\times}D4 m$) of aquaculture located at Chungjoo Lake, Chechon, in 1997. The fish trajectory was obtained by the telemetry system in which a pulsed ultrasonic pinger ($50 kHz, {\phi}16{\times}L70 mm$) attached to the fish was tracked three dimensionally, and the underwater noise levels were measured. The results of the study were as follows: 1. The underwater noise levels in the normal blasting measured at a distance of 400 m from the source of noise increased by $40 dB (re 1 {\mu}Pa)$ compared to the levels before explosion. The dominant frequency and the increased power spectrum level of the underwater noise by the explosion work were $75 to 100 Hz and 22.9 to 35.3 dB$, respectively. 2. The underwater noise levels in the test blasting measured at a distance of 350 m from the source of noise increased by average $49.5 dB (re 1 {\mu}Pa)$compared to the levels before explosion. 3. The swimming area of the fish was reduced with the time after explosion, and after more than one hour the fish represented the similar swimming area and behavior to the status of right before explosion. 4, The swimming depth layer of the fish was most of the case at the sea surface less than 1,0 m except during explosion or right after of it. But the fish swam downward when an external stimulus like the explosion noise was given to the fish. 5. The average swimming speeds of the fish before, during and after the works were about 1.2 times, 1.9 times and 1.0 times of the body length, respectively, and the speed of the fish with explosion was faster 1.6 times than the speed without of that. Consequently, the explosion noise levels measured by this study were sufficiently high to affect the fish, and the heavy shock by the explosion works could produce a considerable unfavorable effects to the fish.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.183-202
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• 1999

The Sobeaksan Gneiss Complex in the Punggi area is composed of mainly mignatitic gneiss, porphyroblastic gneiss, garnet granitic gneiss and biotitie granitic gneiss. Metamorphic grade increase gradually from the amphibolite facies of northwestern part to the granulite facies of southwestern part in the study area. Representative mineral assemblage in the amphibolite facies is biotite-muscovite-K-feldspar-plagioclase$\pm$garnet$\pm$epidote, needle shape or fibrous sillimanite occur in transitional zone from the amphibolite facies to the granulite facies. In the granulite facies, the garnet-Opx granulite shows garnet-orthopyroxene-biotite-plagioclase, the metabasite shows clinopyroxene-plagioclase$\pm$hornblende$\pm$orthopyroxene$\pm$garnet and the migmatitic gneiss shows garnet-biotite-sillimanite-cordierite$\pm$spinel as representative mineral assemblage. Retrograde metamorphism after the granulite facies metamorphism made corindum and andalusite in the migmatitic gneiss and the thin layer garnet between clinopyroxene and plagioclase in the metabasites. The peak P-T conditions of the migmatitic gneiss and the garnet-Opx granulite are $916^{\circ}C$/6.6 kb and $826^{\circ}C$/6.3 kb, respectively. The P-T condition of biotite and plagioclase inclusion, which indicates the progressive condition of the granulie facies, within garnet is $866^{\circ}C$/7.5 kb and that of rim composition of garnet and biotite is $726^{\circ}C$/4.6 kb, which infer the clockwise P-T path of the granulite facies metamorphism. The temperatures caculated by the rim composition of garnet and biotite in the migmatitic gneiss and garnet granitic gneiss have a wide range of $556-741^{\circ}C$, which indicate that the retrograde metamorphism after the granulite facies metamorphism has effected differently. It is difficult to determine the P-T condition of the biotite granitic gneiss because less occurrence and higher spessartine content of garnet. The P-T condition of the thin layered garnet between clinopytoxene and plagioclase in the metabasite is $635-707^{\circ}C$/4.1-5.3 kb. This texture indicates the isobaric cooling(IBC) condition of the retrogressive metamorphism. As a result, the metamorphic evolution of the Punggi area has undergone the isobaric cooling after the granulite facies metamorphism which has undergone the clockwise P-T path.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-54
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• 2015

Syenite is not a common rock, unlike granitic rocks formed the major component of the continental crust. The aim of this study is to decipher the occurrences and detailed descriptive characteristics of the syenite distributed in Sancheong area, and to investigate the petrogenesis of the syenitic magma based on geochemical study. The dominant minerals in syenite are alkali feldspar (usually orthoclase and rarely microcline), plagioclase, amphibole, biotite, and quartz. Syenites are found in a wide variety of colors. The anhedral hornblende and biotite filling the boundary of feldspar and quartz indicate that the hydrous minerals were crystallized lately, and that water was insufficient at the beginning of crystallization in magma. According to the analysis of mineral composition, amphibole in syenite is mostly ferro-edenite, and the pressure is calculated as 3.3~4.9 kb with 11.9~17.3 km of emplacement depth. Biotite and pyroxene are plotted in the region of annite and hedenbergite, respectively. Based on petrochemical studies of major elements, syenite belongs to alkaline series, metaluminous, and I-type. On the other hand, the variation patterns of trace and rare earth elements of syenite differ from the patterns of diorite and granite. In the geochemical characteristics, syenite is different from gabbro-diorite spatially adjacent to syenite, as well as granite. These results suggest that each rock has been generated from the different sources of magma. Additionally, based on the experimental data, the syenitic magma can be formed (1) by the partial melting at a high pressure and dry system, (2) when the initial crystallization minerals to be residue with migration of the residual melts separated from the ascending cotectic magma (3) when fluorine compositions to be plentiful in the protolith and/or at depth of the magma. Based on the petrographic characteristics of the syenite, Sancheong syenitic magma may have been formed by partial melting in a dry system.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.51-67
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• 2016

Geochemical characteristics of the Early Cretaceous igneous rocks from eastern China and the Gyeongsang Basin, Korean Peninsula has been summarized. They have wide range of lithological variation with extrusive picrite-basalt-andesite-trachyte-rhyolite and lamprophyre, and intrusive gabbro-diorite-monzonite-syenite-granite and diabase in eastern China, mostly belonging to the high-K calc-alkaline or shoshonitic series. The volcanic rocks intercalated with the Hayang Group sedimentary assemblages in the Gyeongsang basin are high-K to shoshonitic basaltic trachyandesites. The Early Cretaceous basaltic rocks studied mostly fall within the field of within-plate basalts on the Zr/Y-Zr and Nb-Zr-Y tectonic discrimination diagrams. On a Sr-Nd isotope correlation diagram, basaltic rocks from the North China block (NCB) and the continent-continent collision zone (CZ) between the North and South China blocks plot into the enriched lower right quadrant along the extension of the mantle array. The initial $^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr$ ratios of basaltic rocks from the South China block (SCB) are indistinguishable from those of the NCB and CZ basaltic rocks, but their ${\varepsilon}_{Nd}$ (t) values are relatively more elevated, plotting in right side of the mantle array. Basaltic rocks from the NCB and CZ are characterized by low $^{206}Pb/^{204}Pb(t)$ ratios, lying to the left of the Geochron on the $^{207}Pb/^{204}Pb(t)$ vs. $^{206}Pb/^{204}Pb(t)$ correlation. Meanwhile, the SCB basaltic rocks have relatively radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions compared with those of the NCB and CZ basaltic rocks. Basaltic rocks from the Hayang Group plot within the field of the NCB basaltic rocks in Sr-Nd and Pb-Pb isotope spaces. Metasomatically enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) is likely to have been the dominant source for the early Cretaceous magmatism. Asthenospheric upwelling under an early Cretaceous extensional tectonic setting in eastern China and the Korean Peninsula might be a heat source for melting of the enriched SCLM. Metasomatic agents proposed include partial melts of lower continental crust delaminated and foundered into the mantle or subducted Yangtze continental crust, or fluid/melt derived from the subducted paleo-Pacific plate.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.19-34
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• 2013

The Ipcheon Subbasin is an isolated Miocene basin in SE Korea, which has the geometry of an asymmetric graben elongated in the NE-SW direction. It is in contact with basement rocks by faults and separated from adjacent Waup and Eoil basins by the basement. The strata of the basin fills have an overall homoclinal structure, dipping toward NW or WNW. The basin fills consist of Early Miocene sediments rich in dacitic volcanic and volcaniclastic deposits and Middle Miocene non-volcanic and nonmarine conglomerates intercalated with sand layers, which are distributed in the northeastern and southwestern parts of the basin, respectively. Kinematic analysis of syndepositional conjugate faults in the basin fills indicates WNW-ESE extension of the basin. These features are very similar to those of the adjacent Waup and Eoil basins, indicating that the basin extension was governed by the NE-trending northwestern border faults and that the basin experienced a propagating rifting from NE to SW. Basaltic materials, which occur abundantly in the Eoil Basin, are totally absent in the Ipcheon Subbasin. The observations of the dacitic tuff and tuffaceous mudstone in the subbasin, on slabs and under microscope, suggest that they have lithologies very similar to those of the Yondongri Tuff in the Waup Basin. The Middle Miocene non-volcanic sediments of the Waup and Eoil basins and the Ipcheon Subbasin are distributed consistently in the southwestern part of each basin. It is thus concluded that the extension of the Ipcheon Subbasin began at about 22 Ma together with the Waup Basin and was lulled during the main extension period of the Eoil Basin between 20-18 Ma. At about 17 Ma, the subbasin was re-extended due to the activation of the Yeonil Tectonic Line associated with the propagating rifting toward SW. This event is interpreted to have provided new sedimentation space for the Middle Miocene sediments in the southwestern parts of the Waup and Eoil basins and the Ipcheon Subbasin as well.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.323-329
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• 2013

Strawberries are among the leading ready-to-eat agricultural products that have superior taste and nutrition. Thus, consumer concerns about the safety of eating strawberries are growing. To evaluate the contamination levels of strawberries according to their cultivation methods (nutriculture, pesticide-free culture and organic farming) and parts [fruit (flesh), stalk (pedunle) and leaf (calyx)], 1,020 parts of strawberry samples were collected at 12 farms in Nonsan-si and quantitatively or qualitatively examined for the indicators of food safety and food poisoning bacteria. The total aerobic bacteria count in the whole samples was 2.3~6.8 ${\log}_{10}$ CFU/g, and coliform bacteria were detected in 14.2% of the whole samples with a contamination level range of 2.1~4.5 log CFU/g. E. coli were detected in 0.9% of the whole samples with a contamination level range of 2.1~2.8 log CFU/g. The analysis of the bacterial levels according to the cultivation methods showed that the total aerobic bacteria and coliform counts were higher in the strawberries that were grown via organic farming than in those that were grown via nutriculture and pesticide-free culture. However, the E. coli counts of the strawberries that were grown via organic farming and via pesticide-free culture were similar and differed from that of the strawberries that were grown via nutriculture. The analysis of the contamination levels according to the parts of the strawberries showed that the total aerobic bacteria, coliform and E. coli counts of the fruits, stalks and leaves of the strawberries did not significantly differ. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in two organically grown strawberries, but Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 were not detected in the whole samples. These results show that the bacterial contamination levels of the strawberries differed based on their cultivation methods. Thus, a suitable method of reducing the bacterial contamination levels of strawberries according to their farming methods is needed.