• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.555-561
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the suitable place for growth by analyzing the ecological environment of multi-use tree species to be spontaneous in Chungbuk Province, and derive the suitable place for forestation. At the test of the independence of multi-use tree species, as the significant correlation of the other tree species except Quercus acutissima - Zanthoxylum schinifolium was different by the survey location, it is concluded that the share relation of the ecological niche among tree species is largely influenced not only by the affinity of tree species but the growth environment. As the result of the correlation analysis between environment factors and tree clusters, it was analyzed that tree clusters were much influenced by the topography and the altitude among the variable environment factors; the topography, altitude, the direction of hillside, the slope and the number of tree species appearing. It was investigated that the cluster of Acer mono - Betula costata was distributed to the valley from low hillside to have high altitude, and the clusters of Kalopanax pictus - Ulmus davidiana var. japonica and Fraxinus rhynchophylla - Rhus trichocarpa were sporadically distributed to broad location because their geographical adaptation powers are high.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.88.2-89
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• 2005

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.79-92
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• 2016

The objective of this study is to classify the types of rural areas (138 $si{\cdot}gun$) considering settlement environment by Decision Tree Method (CHAID). The CHAID method was used for decision tree algorithm and the seven dependant variables and 5 explanatory variables were selected, respectively. By decision tree method, rural areas were finally classified into six groups through three separate processes. City area, lower area in aging rate and higher area in farmland area ratio was analyzed to be relatively rich rather than other area in the case of settlement environment index. In the future, this study will be able to utilize as a reference to the planning of rural development projects.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.203-212
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• 2023

Directional felling is a felling method practised by the Forestry Department in Peninsular Malaysia as prescribed in Field Work Manual (1997) for Selective Management Systems (SMS) in forest harvesting. Determining the direction of tree felling in Peninsular Malaysia is conducted during the pre-felling inventory 1 to 2 years before the felling operation. This study aimed to predict and analyze the direction of tree felling using the vector-based path distance back link method in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and compare it with the felling direction observed on the ground. The study area is at Balah Forest Reserve, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. A Path Distance Back Link (spatial analyst) function in ArcGIS Pro 3.0 was used in predicting tree felling direction. Meanwhile, a binary classification was used to compare the felling direction estimated using GIS and the tree felling direction observed on the ground. Results revealed that 61.3% of 31 trees predicted using the vector-based projection method were similar to the felling direction observed on the ground. It is important to note that dynamic changes of natural constraints might occur in the middle of tree felling operation, such as weather problems, wind speed, and unpredicted tree falling direction.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.109-118
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• 2006

The tree is regarded as an sustainable architectural outdoor design element which reduce urban heat island effect by its solar shading and evapotranspiration. This study carried out field observations of measuring thermal environment of selected tree and its ambience to determine passive cooling effects. Results from the field observations are as below; Tree-shading effect to the thermal environment can not be properly evaluated by merely measuring air temperature differences between tree-shaded space and unshaded space for the maximum temperature difference is less than $1.5^{\circ}C$. The differences of longwave radiation and shortwave radiation between tree-shaded space and unshaded space are measured. Shortwave radiation is considered as a main thermal comfort determining factor for the difference of the shortwave radiation is much bigger than that of longwave radiation. By thermal infrared image analysis, the surface temperature of the tree under strong solar radiation is measured same as ambient air temperature. By which the evapotranspiration is considered to retard tree surface temperature raising effectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.51-62
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyze the profitability by selecting Pinus densiflora S. et Z. worthy of ornamental tree from among the cutting timber in the urban development project, and then presents the improvements. The study site is the whole area of Oedong-eup Gyeongju city Gyeongsangbuk-do and subject trees numbers are 2,180 trees. Analysis method is cost analysis because it is used generously pubic land development. In results, at first, in case of forest development currently cutting tree costs 7.3 million Won/ha. and no profit is occurred at all. Secondly, the forward direction order of tree treatments expenses are in sawdust production, selling lumber, selling ornamental tree, and selling ornamental tree, sawdust production, selling lumbered on the aspect of profits by the selling stumpage. Especially, selling trees as ornamental tree costs 127 million Won/ha. which shows the highest profits. Third, the management of ornamental tree pine tree after transplantation from development site costs 5 times less than purchasing the same quality trees. Hence, it is recommended to re-utilize the trees from the development sites to produce a high standard gardens and it also provides the basis for the low carbon green growth society.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.33-41
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• 2011

To evaluate the value of a preserved tree as rural landscape resource, the growth environment and health condition was investigated, and the image evaluation was implemented on land~ape architectural major undergraduate students for zelkova trees in Yesan-gun. The image evaluation results of zelkova trees were as followings; 1) Typical image of preserved tree examined by Semantic Differential Scale were 'Old', 'Big', and 'Good'. 2) The 'big' image of zelkova tree and the height of tree, the width of tree crown, the breast girth of tree, the root girth of tree, the external formation of tree, and the health of tree bark is mutually related. Especially, the correlation between the 'big' and the external formation and the width of tree crown is high. 3) Typical image of preserved tree examined by Likert Scale were 'Natural', 'Green', 'Peaceful', and 'Rural'. 4) The preservation necessity for preserved tree was highly related with the state of ground, and the management necessity for preserved tree was highly related with contamination level and the state of ground. The appropriate management plan for preserved tree are proposed to improve the quality of rural landscape(basis of these results).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.2
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• pp.261-266
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• 2015

This study was conducted to examine the effect of tree density of Pinus koraiensis forest on the thermal comfort and the physiological response of human body in summer season. As the indicators of thermal comfort were used the predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD), while the heart rate variability was used for the physiological indicator of subjects. The subjects were 15 physically healthy men and women in their 20s ($23.7{\pm}1.7$ years old). The subjects sat in each site to measure HRV for 5 minutes and the thermal comfort of each site was measured. As a results, it was proven by PMV and PPD that the Pinus koraiensis forest with 120% tree density was thermally more comfortable than the Pinus koraiensis forest with 80% tree density. In case of the subjects' physiological response, the Pinus koraiensis forest with 120% tree density showed significantly higher HF of HRV than the Pinus koraiensis forest with 80% tree density and significantly lower LF/HF. Therefore, the findings of this study scientifically proved that the Pinus koraiensis forest with 120% tree density is thermally more comfortable and physiologically more relaxing than the Pinus koraiensis forest with 80% tree density.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.285-292
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• 2018

In this paper, we propose a distributed search of a cluster robot using tree structure in an unknown environment. In the proposed method, the cluster robot divides the unknown environment into 4 regions by using the LRF (Laser Range Finder) sensor information and divides the maximum detection distance into 4 regions, and detects feature points of the obstacle. Also, we define the detected feature points as Voronoi Generators of the Voronoi Diagram and apply the Voronoi diagram. The Voronoi Space, the Voronoi Partition, and the Voronoi Vertex, components of Voronoi, are created. The generated Voronoi partition is the path of the robot. Voronoi vertices are defined as each node and consist of the proposed tree structure. The root of the tree is the starting point, and the node with the least significant bit and no children is the target point. Finally, we demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method through several simulations.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2015

The purpose of this research is reconstruction of annual precipitation based on Tree-ring series at Seorak mountain and examine its effectiveness. To do so we performed nonlinear time series characteristics test of Tree-ring series and reconstructed annual precipitation of Gangneung from 1687 to 1911 using Artificial neural network and Nonlinear autoregressive exogeneous input (NARX) model which reflects stochastic properties. As a result, Tree-ring series at Seorak Mountain shows nonlinear time series property and reconstructed annual precipitation series drawn from NARX is similar in statistical characteristics of observed annual time series.