• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.694-706
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to offer the raw data for conservation and restoration of aquatic ecosystem by surveying and analysing a water quality, sediment, benthic macroinvertebrate, fish and hydrophyte in Junam reservoir. In the result of analysing the water quality, pH was 8.2~8.4, 6.0~7.5mg/${\ell}$ in COD, 10.0~10.3mg/${\ell}$ in SS, 8.3~11.5mg/${\ell}$ in DO, 0.1mg/${\ell}$ in T-P and 1.2~1.3mg/${\ell}$ in T-N. In case of the sediments, Cd was 0.47~0.52mg/kg, 7.08~7.43mg/kg in Cu, 0.22~0.32mg/kg in As, 0.02~0.03mg/kg in Hg, 6.20~7.45mg/kg in Pb, 32.80~39.70mg/kg in Ni, 513.0~543.0mg/kg in F and 137.0~140.0mg/kg in Zn. $Cr^{6+}$ was not detected. The benthic macroinvertebrates were 432 individuals including 3 phyla, 5 classes, 9 orders, 26 families, 33 genera and 39 species, and the ecological score of benthic macroinvertebrate community(ESB) was 25. The fishes were 8 families and 14 species, and the invasive alien species were 2 taxa including Micropterus salmoids and Lepomis macrochirus. The hydrophytes were 63 taxa including 28 families, 42 genera, 56 species, 1 subspecies and 6 varieties. The emergent plants were 38 taxa(60.3%), 5 taxa(7.9%) in floating-leaved plants and each 10 taxa(15.9%) in free-floating plants and submerged plants.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.154-166
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• 2009

Database query and reporting tools, OLAP tools and data mining tools are typical front-end tools in Business Intelligence environment which is able to support gathering, consolidating and analyzing data produced from business operation activities and provide access to the result to enterprise's users. Traditional reporting tools have an advantage of creating sophisticated dynamic reports including SQL query result sets, which look like documents produced by word processors, and publishing the reports to the Web environment, but data source for the tools is limited to RDBMS. On the other hand, OLAP tools and data mining tools have an advantage of providing powerful information analysis functions on each own way, but built-in visualization components for analysis results are limited to tables or some charts. Thus, this paper presents a system that integrates three typical front-end tools to complement one another for BI environment. Traditional reporting tools only have a query editor for generating SQL statements to bring data from RDBMS. However, the reporting tool presented by this paper can extract data also from OLAP and data mining servers, because editors for OLAP and data mining query requests are added into this tool. Traditional systems produce all documents in the server side. This structure enables reporting tools to avoid repetitive process to generate documents, when many clients intend to access the same dynamic document. But, because this system targets that a few users generate documents for data analysis, this tool generates documents at the client side. Therefore, the tool has a processing mechanism to deal with a number of data despite the limited memory capacity of the report viewer in the client side. Also, this reporting tool has data structure for integrating data from three kinds of data sources into one document. Finally, most of traditional front-end tools for BI are dependent on data source architecture from specific vendor. To overcome the problem, this system uses XMLA that is a protocol based on web service to access to data sources for OLAP and data mining services from various vendors.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.204-216
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• 2024

Understanding the trade-off effect in ecosystem services and measuring the interrelationships between services are crucial for managing limited environmental resources. Accordingly, in this study, we identified the dominant trends and increases and decreases in ecosystem services derived from changes in land cover over about 30 years and tracked changes in the relationships between ecosystem services that occurred over time. Through it, we determined the relationship between land cover changes and ecosystem service changes, as well as the distinct characteristics of service changes in different areas. The research primarily utilized the InVEST model, an ecosystem service assessment model. After standardizing the evaluation results between 0 and 1, it went through principal component analysis, a dimensionality reduction technique, to observe the time-series changes and understand the relationships between the services. According to the research results, the area of urbanized regions dramatically increased between 1989 and 2019, while forests showed a significant increase between 2009 and 2019. Between 1989 and 2019, the national ecosystem service supply witnessed a 13.9% decrease in water supply, a 10.5% decrease in nitrogen retention, a 2.6% increase in phosphorus retention, a 0.9% decrease in carbon storage, a 1.2% increase in air purification, and a 3.4% decrease in habitat quality. Over the past 30 years, South Korea experienced an increase in urbanized areas, a decrease in agricultural land, and an increase in forests, resulting in a trade-off effect between phosphorus retention and habitat quality. This study concluded that South Korea's environment management policies contribute to improving ecosystem quality, which has declined due to urbanization, and maximizing ecosystem services. These findings can help policymakers establish and implement forestry policies focusing on sustainable environmental conservation and ecosystem service provision.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.115-127
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• 2018

This study was attempted to find out the value of cultural assets through the clear diagnosis and prescription of the dead and weakness factors of the Population of Retusa Fringe Trees in Pyeongji-ri, Jinan(Natural Monument No. 214), The results are as follows. First, Since the designation of 13 natural monuments in 1968, since 1973, many years have passed since then. In particular, despite the removal of some of the buried soil during the maintenance process, such as retreating from the fence of the primary school after 2010, Second, The first and third surviving tree of the designated trees also have many branches that are dead, the leaves are dull, and the amount of leaves is small. vitality of tree is 'extremely bad', and the first branch has already been faded by a large number of branches, and the amount of leaves is considerably low this year, so that only two flowers are bloomed. The second is also in a 'bad'state, with small leaves, low leaf density, and deformed water. The largest number 1 in the world is added to the concern that the s coverd oil is assumed to be paddy soils. Third, It is found that the composition ratio of silt is high because it is known as '[silty loam(SiL)]'. In addition, the pH of the northern soil at pH 1 was 6.6, which was significantly different from that of the other soil. In addition, the organic matter content was higher than the appropriate range, which is considered to reflect the result of continuous application for protection management. Fourth, It is considered that the root cause of failure and growth of Jinan pyeongji-ri Population of Retusa Fringe Trees group is chronic syndrome of serious menstrual deterioration due to covered soil. This can also be attributed to the newly planted succession and to some of the deaths. Fifthly, It is urgent to gradually remove the subsoil part, which is estimated to be the cause of the initial damage. Above all, it is almost impossible to remove the coverd soil after grasping the details of the soil, such as clayey soil, which is buried in the rootstock. After removal of the coverd soil, a pestle is installed to improve the respiration of the roots and the ground with Masato. And the dead 4th dead wood and the 5th and 6th dead wood are the best, and the lower layer vegetation is mown. The viable neck should be removed from the upper surface, and the bark defect should undergo surgery and induce the development of blindness by vestibule below the growth point. Sixth, The underground roots should be identified to prepare a method to improve the decompression of the root and the respiration of the soil. It is induced by the shortening of rotten roots by tracing the first half of the rootstock to induce the generation of new roots. Seventh, We try mulching to suppress weed occurrence, trampling pressure, and soil moisturizing effect. In addition, consideration should be given to the fertilization of the foliar fertilizer, the injection of the nutrients, and the soil management of the inorganic fertilizer for the continuous nutrition supply. Future monitoring and forecasting plans should be developed to check for changes continuously.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.93-106
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• 2014

In this study, Analyze environment of location, investigation into vegetation resources, survey management status and establish to classify the management area for Natural monument No.374 Pyengdae-ri Torreya nucifera forest. The results were as follows: First, Torreya nucifera forest is concerned about influence of development caused by utilization of land changes to agricultural region. Thus, establish to preservation management plan for preservation of prototypical and should be excluded development activity to cause the change of terrain that Gotjawal in the Torreya nucifera forest is factor of base for generating species diversity. Secondly, Torreya nucifera forest summarized as 402 taxa composed 91 familly 263 genus, 353 species, 41 varieties and 8 forms. The distribution of plants for the first grade & second grade appear of endangered plant to Ministry of Environment specify. But, critically endangered in forest by changes in habitat, diseases and illegal overcatching. Therefore, when establishing forest management plan should be considered for put priority on protection. Thirdly, Torreya nucifera representing the upper layer of the vegetation structure. But, old tree oriented management and conservation strategy result in poor age structure. Furthermore, desiccation of forest on artificial management and decline in Torreya nucifera habitat on ecological succession can indicate a problem in forest. Therefore, establish plan such as regulation of population density and sapling tree proliferation for sustainable characteristics of the Torreya nucifera forest. Fourth, Appear to damaged of trails caused by use. Especially, Scoria way occurs a lot of damaged and higher than the share ratio of each section. Therefore, share ratio reduction Plan should be considered through the additional development of tourism routes rather than the replacement of Scoria. Fifth, Representing high preference of the Torreya nucifera forest tourist factor confirmed the plant elements. It is sensitive to usage pressure. And requires continuous monitoring by characteristic of Non-permanent. In addition, need an additional plan such as additional development of tourism elements and active utilizing an element of high preference. Sixth, Strength of protected should be differently accordance with importance. First grade area have to maintenance of plant population and natural habitats. Set the direction of the management. Second grade areas focus on annual regeneration of the forest. Third grade area should be utilized demonstration forest or set to the area for proliferate sapling. Fourth grade areas require the introduced of partial rest system that disturbance are often found in proper vegetation. Fifth grade area appropriate to the service area for promoting tourism by utilizing natural resources in Torreya nucifera forest. Furthermore, installation of a buffer zone in relatively low ratings area and periodic monitoring to the improvement of edge effect that adjacent areas of different class.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.70-77
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• 2011

This study takes road landscape of traditional Chinese Kangnam gardens in Suzhou as the object. It compares the relations and differences between preferences of Korean and Chinese on road landscapes with different rockery ratios, and studies the differences between Korean and Chinese's adjective visual characteristics of road landscape of traditional gardens and impacts of visual characteristics on preference. The following is the research process: Firstly, the theoretical survey of road landscape of traditional Chinese Kangnam gardens is conducted, pictures of the road landscape of gardens in Suzhou are taken, and 15 pictures are selected based on rockery ratio. Secondly, in order to grasp the visual preference and landscape characteristics of road landscape of garden in Suzhou, 15 pictures and 21 pairs of adjectives are adopted for the questionnaire survey. Thirdly, in order to grasp the differences between preferences of Korean and Chinese on road landscape of traditional Chinese Kangnam gardens, thet-test analysis is conducted. In order to grasp the impacts of rockery ratio on preference, and after the classification of landscape pictures based on rockery occupancy, the average analysis, factor analysis of results of questionnaire survey for Korean and Chinese are conducted respectively. In order to grasp the differences of incentives of landscape preference, the incentive analysis of results of questionnaire survey for Korean and Chinese is carried out. In order to grasp the impacts of various factors on the preference, The results are as follows: The results of analysis of differences between Korean and Chinese's preference on road landscape of traditional Chinese Kangnam gardens show that the overall preference of Chinese is higher than that of Korean. The results of the landscape preference analysis show that the ranking order of average value of Korean and Chinese's preference on rockery ratio categories is: medium ratio, very small ratio, small ratio, large ratio, very large ratio. The results of analysis of relations between rockery ratio of traditional Chinese Kangnam gardens and preference show that the preference increases as the rockery ratio decreases, and the rockery ratio variation causes greater impacts on Korean. Results of the analysis of visual characteristics, factors of visual characteristics of Koreans are "aesthetic factor", "comfort factor", "neat(orderly) factor", and "fun factor". The visual characteristics of Chinese has three factors, namely "psychological factor", "comfort factor", and "neat factor".

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.251-270
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to offer the basic data and method for assessing the naturaliness of temple environment by applying the ecological index of plant to quantitatively and objectively assess the flora and to understand the flora distributed in major temple forest. The ecological index of plant was based in the surveyed flora. The whole flora were summarized as 535 taxa including 103 families, 310 genera, 426 species, 5 subspecies, 82 varieties and 22 forms. And, the numbers of taxa in the Beopheungsa were 267 taxa, 314 taxa of the Daeseungsa and 296 taxa of the Seongjusa. The rare plants were 9 taxa including Aristolochia contorta, Viola albida, Arisaema heterophyllumand so forth, and the Korean endemic plants were 11 taxa including Clematis trichotoma, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Vicia chosenensis and so forth. The specific plants by floristic region were 51 taxa including Wistaria floribunda, Celtis aurantiaca, Angelica gigas and so forth, and the pteridophyta were 26 taxa including Osmunda japonica, Polystichum braunii, Onoclea orientalis and so forth. The naturalized plants were 35 taxa including Fallopia dumetorum, Conyza canadensis, Xanthium strumarium and so forth, the invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus and Eupatorium rugosum. In the results of analysing the ecological index of plant in whole temple forests, RI(Rare Index) was 1.7%, 2.1% of EI(Endemic Index), 9.5% of SI(Specific Index), 1.2 of PI(Pteridophyta Index) and 6.5% of NI(Naturalized Index) in narrow sense. In broad sense, FI(Flora Index) was 11.0%, 1.5% of RI, 3.4% of EI, 4.8% of SI, 10.1% of PI, 10.9% of UI(Urbanized Index) and 25.0% of DI(Disturbed Index). The FI of the Daeseungsa was the highest among the three temple forests. In narrow sense, the RI, SI, NI and DI of the Beopheungsa was high, the seongjusa was higher the EI and SI. In broad sense, the RI and SI of the Beopheungsa, the EI, SI and PI of the Seongjusa, the UI is high in the Daeseungsa. In future, if we will analyze ecological index of plant in other temple forests, we will offer the help to establishing the plan of conservation and restoration on ecosystem in whole temple forests.Environmental Specimen Banks (ESBs) are playing pivotal role in monitoring the effect of environmental pollution on the ecosystem based on the retrospective analysis of the representative samples collected regularly and stored in cryogenic condition.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.20-33
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• 2020

This study aims to examine the trends in the preservation of urban public parks with a focus on the international movement to acknowledge and preserve the heritage value of urban parks. First, the background in which the concept of "historic urban park" first appeared internationally, as well as the current situation were investigated. Then, the cases of the United Kingdom (UK), the United States (US), and Japan, all of which are already preserving and managing urban public parks, were analyzed. In the ICOMOS-IFLA Document on Historic Urban Public Parks, the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), which is a group of specialists dedicated to the conservation and management of cultural heritage, mentions that it is necessary to maintain the social, intangible, aesthetic, ecological, and civic values of historic urban public parks. In addition, according to ICOMOS, it is necessary to preserve elements of parks, such as space composition, topography, light, and environment. The UK, the USA, and Japan have their own unique characteristics for the background of preserving urban parks, the preservation system, the selection of parks to be preserved, and the elements to be preserved within the park. The UK has categorized parks into certain types from each period and has tried to preserve the common elements in each type. The US has selected the parks to preserve by determining the meaning of the parks itself considering multiple aspects, embracing not only the physical form of the parks, but also the culture, monumentality, and social values. Recently, Japan began the preservation of historic urban parks as a matter of policy and started to implement a preservation policy by investigating modern parks that are believed to be worth preserving. Specialists in cultural heritage preservation have argued that the method of preservation of historic urban parks must differ from that of other parks or gardens. Nonetheless, observing cases in these three countries showed that, regardless of their administrative and legal systems regarding cultural heritage and urban public parks, their policies were still limited to preserving only the physical elements of parks. The direction and methodology for the preservation of historic urban parks must be developed further and elaborated upon in terms of the evolving concept and definition of heritage. Urban parks are where various historic values are accumulated, connoting historical meanings dealing with the memories of the parks and the urban dwellers. This study found that, worldwide, park management has been carried out in a way that the historic values of parks are respected and preserved. This global trend in preserving the historic values of urban public parks has significant implications for the management of urban public parks in Korea that are being formed and renewed repeatedly.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.228-235
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• 2004

The development and proliferation of the mandibular condyle can be altered by changes in the biomechanical environment of the temporomandibular joint. The biomechanical loads were varied by feeding diets of different consistencies. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether changes of masticatory forces by feeding a soft diet can alter the trabecular bone morphology of the growing mouse mandibular condyle, by means of micro-computed tomography. Thirty-six female, 21 days old, C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two groups. Mice in the hard-diet control group were fed standard hard rodent pellets for 8 weeks. The soft-diet group mice were given soft ground diets for 8 weeks and their lower incisors were shortened by cutting with a wire cutter twice a week to reduce incision. After 8 weeks all animals were killed after they were weighed. Following sacrifice, the right mandibular condyle was removed. High spatial resolution tomography was done with a Skyscan Micro-CT 1072. Cross-sections were scanned and three-dimensional images were reconstructed from 2D sections. Morphometric and nonmetric parameters such as bone volume(BV), bone surface(BS), total volume(TV), bone volume fraction(BV/TV), surface to volume ratio(BS/BV), trabecular thickness(Tb. Th.), structure model index(SMI) and degree of anisotropy(DA) were directly determined by means of the software package at the micro-CT system. From directly determined indices the trabecular number(Tb. N.) and trabecular separation(Tb. Sp.) were calculated according to parallel plate model of Parfitt et al.. After micro-tomographic imaging, the samples were decalcified, dehydrated, embedded and sectioned for histological observation. The results were as follow: 1. The bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness(Tb. Th.) and trabecular number(Tb. N.) were significantly decreased in the soft-diet group compared with that of the control group (p<0.05). 2. The trabecular separation(Tb. Sp.) was significantly increased in the soft-diet group(p<0.05). 3. There was no significant differences in the surface to volume ratio(BS/BV), structure model index(SMI) and degree of anisotropy(DA) between the soft-diet group and hard-diet control group (p>0.05). 4. Histological sections showed that the thickness of the proliferative layer and total cartilage thickness were significantly reduced in the soft-diet group.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.90-100
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• 2012

This study centering on 10 village - Bangjuks analyzed multifunctionality value of village Bangjuks which have been main water treatment system in Korean traditional villages. On the basis of understanding the structure and character of components such as the well, common spring, village waterway and others which making water-flow and consisting of aquatic system in Korean traditional village Bangjuk, the conclusion as the instrumental device of social and ecological role and ecological watershed management, securing the ecosystem soundness of the damaged or deteriated aquatic ecosystem due to the industrialization and urbanization is as below; 1. The traditional village Bangjuk was environmentally friendly hydraulic system which gathers waterways of village into a point including sewage water, retains and flows out to village through agricultural waterway. Through this Bangjuk, they have managed sewage and rainfall runoff flowed out village efficiently. It is not only a detention system of water but a kind of eco-friendly system that flow out water into the rivers after reusing and filtering it. 2. Around five traditional villages and five villages after modernization, this study classified the types of village Bangjuk as three types considering geographic location, size, etc; marsh type of low swamp, high water -low rice field type of natural flow stucture, low water - high rice field type requiring artificial irrigation facility. All the five traditional villages were turned out to be marsh type of low swamp. Geoji, Sanjeri, Ma-am, Yangchon of the agricultural villages were high water-low rice filed type, and Sangchoenri village was classified low water-high rice field type. 3. This study checked up the function of water purification of village Bangjuk. In Wonteo and Geji villages affected by discharge of village sewer and domestic sewage, the efficiency of ammonia nitrogen($NH_3-N$) and total phosphorus(T-P) was 56~95%, which was high. In Sangcheonri and Sanjeri villages strongly affected by stall and farmland, the efficiency of suspended solids(SS) was 70~85%, and that of total nitrogen(T-N) and total phosphorus(T-P) was 5.3~65%. 4. A water purification system can be found out in the system of village Bangjuk that filter out village sewage and rainfall runoff flowed through the settle and filter of pollution source and denitrification of plants. Through this system of village Bangjuk, it must be used as the basic facilities for the ecological watershed management. The sewage management system of village Bangjuk as a eco-filter must be used and studied as an eco-friendly facility for the ecological watershed management around the subwatershed and catchment.