• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.136-141
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• 2009

Inactivation rates between enterococci and total coliforms were compared in order to find the suitability of enterococci as an indicator microorganism under various experiment conditions - freshwater and/or seawater, indoor and/or outdoor conditions. In case of indoor laboratory experiments, inactivation rates of enterococci ($k_D$: 0.050~0.082) were faster than those of total coliforms ($k_D$: 0.034~0.045) in freshwater matrix. In seawater matrix, however, survival rate of enterococci was longer than that of total coliforms at two out of three experiments in indoor condition. When incubated in outdoor conditions, enterococci were inactivated significantly more rapidly than total coliforms both in freshwater and seawater matrices. With these results, enterococci appear to be less suitable than total coliforms in terms of inactivation rates.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.64-67
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• 2014

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) are a leading cause of a nosocomial infection. While seven glycopeptide resistance genotypes have been found in Enterococci, vanA and vanB are the most common resistance genotypes. Aims of this study were to detect antibiotic susceptibilities of 23 Enterococcus spp, which broke out in a university hospital by the disk diffusion test, to investigate specific genes of vanA and vanB by conventional and real-time PCR. PCR for vanA and vanB was performed on 23 Enterococci, all 23 were positive for vanA type. This study reports the validation of a simple and rapid VRE detection method that can be easily incorporated into the daily routine of a clinical laboratory. Early detection of VRE strains, including those with susceptibility to Vancomycin, is of paramount clinical importance, as it allows a rapid initiation of strict infection control practices as well as a therapeutic guidance for a confirmed infection. The real-time PCR method is a rapid technique to detect vanA in Enterococci. It is simple and reliable for the rapid characterization of VRE.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.63-73
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• 1978

28 strains of Enterococci isolated at doctorless areas in Korea from Oct. 1976 through Mar. 1977 and 30 strains of Enterococci isolated at Seoul National University Hospital from Sep. 1976 through Dec. 1976 were examined for susceptibilities to 14 antimicrobial agents by agar dilution method. The susceptibilities of two groups to each antimicrobial agent were compared and incidence of resistant strains in each antimicrobial agent, incidence of multiply resistant strains and correlations in the antimicrobial susceptibility of 58 strains of Enterococci among 14 antimicrobial agents were analyzed. 1. With Tetracycline, Oxytetracline, Doxycycline, Minocycline and Erythromycin, the mean MIC's of Enterococci isolated at Seoul National University Hospital were 1.9-2.5 times higher than those of Enterococci isolated at doctorless areas, though there were no statistical significance. 2. Frequency of resistant strains in Enterococci isolated at Seoul National University Hospital was the highest with Cephalexin(100%), Gentamicin(100%), and Streptomycin(100%), followed by Kanamycin(93.3%), Carbenicillin(90%), Tetracycline(26.7%), Oxytetracycline(26.7%), Doxycycline(26.7%), Minocycline(20%), Erythromycin(10%), Troleandomycin(10%), Penicillin(6.7%), Cotrimoxazole(6.7%) and Ampicillin(0%). 3. Frequency of resistant strains in Enterococci isolated at doctorless areas was the highest with Kanamycin(100%) and Streptomycin(100%), followed by Cephalexin(96.4%), Gentamicin(96.4%), Carbenicillin(92.9%), Tetracycline(10.7%), Oxytetracycline(10.7%), Doxycycline(10.7%), Minocycline(10.7%), Cotrimoxazole(10.7%), Penicillin(3.6%), Ampicillin(0%), Erythromycin(0%), and Troeandomycin(0%). 4. In study with Penicillin, Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Cotrimoxazole, Erythromycin and Troleandomycin, there were no multiply resistant strains in Enterococci isolated at doctorless areas, while 4 strains of Enterococci isolated at Seoul National University Hospital showed multiple resistance. 5. There were high correlation in susceptibility of 58 strains of Enterococci among Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Doxycycline and Minocycline(correlation coefficients 0.86-0.97). Correlation coefficients of susceptibility among penicillin analogues(Penicillin, Ampicillin, Carbenicillin and Cephalexin) ranged between 0.75-0.89. Correlation coefficients of susceptibility among aminoglycosides(Kanamycin, Gentamicin and Streptomycin) ranged between 0.09-0.51.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2016

분변오염의 지표가 되는 장구균을 검출하기 위하여 장구균 선택 배지를 개발하였다. 기존에 알려진 여러 장구균 검출배지 중 총 9종류(Enterococci Confirmatory agar, Azide dextrose agar, Bromocresol-purple azide agar, Esculin bile agar, Citrate azide tween carbonate agar, KF Streptococcus agar, BROLACIN agar, Kanamycin esculin azide agar, Membrane filter Enterococcus selective agar)의 배지를 선별하였고, 배지 성분을 적절히 조합하여 새로운 배지 Enterococcus Mixed medium을 개발하였다. 배지의 효과를 검증하기 위하여 장구균 6종류(Enterococcus avium KACC 10788, Enterococcus faecium KACC 11954, Enterococcus saccharolyticus KACC 10783, Enterococcus durans KACC 10787, Enterococcus faecalis KACC 11304, Enterococcus hirae KACC 10779)와 비장구균 3종류(Escherichia coli KACC 10005, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus KACC 10768, Bacillus subtilis KACC 10111)를 사용하였다. 그 결과 새롭게 개발된 장구균 검출배지에서 비장구균의 생장이 억제된 반면에 장구균 6종류는 모두 생장하는 것을 확인하였다. 또 환경시료에서 장구균을 분리할 수 있는지 확인하기 위해 하천과 바다에서 채취해온 시료를 이용하여 실험한 결과 장구균의 생장을 확인하였다. 따라서 이 배지를 이용하면 수질 분변오염의 지표가 되는 장구균을 효과적으로 검출할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.352-358
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of enterococci in cheese samples and to characterize their antimicrobial resistance profiles as well as the associated resistance genes. A total of 139 enterococci were isolated from 99 cheese samples, the isolates were identified as E. faecalis (61.2%), E. faecium (15.1%), E. gallinarum (12.9%), E. durans (5.0%), E. casseliflavis (2.9%) and E. avium (2.9%). The most frequent antimicrobial resistance observed in enterococci isolates was to lincomycin (88.5%), followed by kanamycin (84.2%), gentamycin (low level, 51.1%), rifampin (46.8%) and tetracycline (33.8%). Among the isolates, the frequencies of high level gentamycin and streptomycin resistant enterococci strains were 2.2% and 5.8%, respectively. Apart from the mentioned antibiotics, low levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol were found. Moreover no resistance was observed against penicillin and ampicillin. The antimicrobial resistance genes including tetM, tetL, ermB, cat, aph(3’)-IIIa, ant(6)-Ia and aac(6’)-Ieaph(2”)-Ia were found in enterococci from Turkish cheese samples. In the current study, we provided data for antibiotic resistance and the occurrence of resistance genes among enterococci. Regulatory and quality control programs for milk and other dairy products from farms to retail outlets has to be established and strengthened to monitor trends in antimicrobial resistance among emerging food borne pathogens in Turkey.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.170-172
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• 2002

To determine the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci in a raw milk sample, raw milk samples were examined for a period of 6 months. Enterococci were isolated directly from Enterococcal selective agar plates supplemented with 2 mg of vancomycin per liter, Nineteen strains were selected and identified by applying the Vitek system. To determine resistance patterns, 19 isolates were tested with vancomycin and teicoplanin. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci were genotyped by using a PCR analysis and 5 out of 19 isolates were of the VanC type.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.16-20
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• 2013

Outbreaks of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are being reported more frequently in many countries. While seven glycopeptide resistance genotypes have been described in Enterococci, vanA and vanB are the most common resistance genotypes. The aim of this study was to detect antibiotic susceptibilities of 23 Enterococcus faecium strains, which caused an outbreak in a University hospital by a disk diffusion test to investigate the presence of the species specific gene, and the resistant genotypes, vanA and vanB by duplex PCR. PCR for vanA and vanB was performed on 23 enterococci. Twenty three were identified as E. faecium and were tested positive for the vanA genotype. This study will report on the validation of a simple and accurate VRE detection method that can be easily incorporated into the daily routine of a clinical laboratory. Early detection of VRE strains, including those with susceptibility to vancomycin, is of paramount clinical importance as it allows rapid initiation of strict infection control practices, as well as the therapeutic guidance for confirmed infections. The PCR method developed in the present study is simple and reliable for the rapid characterization of VRE.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.37-41
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• 1995

Streptococci and enterococci, isolates from the rumen content of mouflons and European bisons were isolated. The total counts of these species reached the values(log 10 ${\pm}$ S.E.M.) $7.3{\pm}0.21$; $6.1{\pm}0.06$ bacteria per one ml of the rumen content in streptococci and $3.6{\pm}0.20$; $3.17{\pm}0.18$ bacteria per one ml of the rumen content in enterococci, Strains isolated were allotted to te species Streptococcus bovis(AM1, AM2, AM3, AM4), Enterococcus faecium(EH1, EFG2, EC3) and Enterococcus faecalis (EFA1, EFD2). Bactera presented belong to the strains with low urease and ${\alpha}$-amylase activities. The majority of isolates were polyresistant. Each strain produced bacteriocin - like substance with effect against at least of one of relatives species as indicators used. The most of inhibition zones were hazy with the width 2-6 mm in diameter.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.95-100
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• 1999

일반적으로 임상검사실에서 vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE)를 검출하는 일은 어렵고, 시간이 많이 들며, 검체처리 비용도 많이 든다. 따라서 본 실험은 임상검체에서 분리된 세균으로부터 VRE를 신속하게 확인하고, 진단하기 위한 방법으로서 다중 중합효소 연쇄반응을 확립하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 primer는 장구균에 특이 한 유전자인 vanA, vanB, vanC-1, vanC-2/3 각각의 염기서열을 기초로 primer를 제작하고, 다중 중합효소 연쇄 반응을 실시하여 임상검체로부터 분리된 VRE 유전자의 type및 분포율을 조사하고자 하였다. 국내에서 분리된 75주의 장구균을 대상으로 다중 중합효소 연쇄반응을 실시한 결과 36주의 분리균주에서 vancomycin에 대해 높은 저항성을 보이는 vanA 유전자를 가진 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 18주에서는 vancomycin에 낮은 저항성을 내성을 보이는 vanC-1 또는 vanC-2/3 유전자를 보유한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 실험에서 확립한 다중 중합효소 연쇄 반응 기법은 신속한 VRE 진단 방법으로 이용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.148-151
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• 2010

동물성 식품 유래 장구균의 에리스로마이신 내성 유전자형 및 표현형을 분석하고자 하였다. 경기북부지역의 축산 농가 15곳으로부터 원유 시료 378개를 분양받아 본실험에 사용하였으며 에리스로마이신 내성 장구균 분리에 사용하였다. 총 110균주의 장구균이 분리 되었으며 이중 E. faecalis가 101균주, E. avium이 7균주, E durans가 2균주였다. 에리스로마이신에 대한 내성 비율은 65.45%였으며 $MIC_{50}$은 16 ${\mu}g$/ml, $MIC_{90}$은 64 ${\mu}g$/ml이었다. 분리된 장구균 110균주 모두 erm(B) 유전자를 소유하고 있었으며 75.45%인 83균주가 mef(A)를 소유하고 있음을 확인하였다. 표현형 분석에 따르면 지속성 내성($cMLS_B$)을 나타내는 균주는 95균주(86.36%)였으며 유도내성 ($iMLS_B$)을 보이는 균주는 15균주(13.34%)였다.