• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.407-413
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• 1986

In an agitated bead reaction system, the enzymatic saccharification of uncooked starch was substantially enhanced. The enhancement mechanism was investigated front the view of the structural aspect of starch. The mechanical impact caused by the movement of the attrition-milling media resulted neither the destruction of microcrystalline structure nor the fragmentation of starch granule. instead, the most distinct phenomenon was the swelling of starch granule up to about 2.5 times, and the swelling mechanism was not similar with that caused by cooking. However, in the case of the enzyme addition in the attrition coupled reaction system, the swollen starch was easily fragmented into the large number of small particles by the synergistic action of the enzyme and milling-media. The exposed surface area of the fragmented particles plays the major role in enhancing the saccharification. The saccharification rate was quite different depending on the source of starch, the reason was discussed in terms of the granular structure of uncooked starches.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 1996

Four N-adamantyl n-alkanamides were prepared by amide condensation reaction between amantadine and n-alkanoic acid. Their enhancing activity on the penetration of ibuprofen through rabbit skin from petrolatum ointment was evaluated in in-vivo experiment. The experiments showed that the compounds have a strong transdermal penetration-enhancing activity, and their activities were comparable with that of Azone. The measurements of the fluorescence polarization of DP[-i-labelled DPPC liposomes showed that these compounds considerablly decreased the phase transition temperature of the liposomes. The mechanism of the transdermal penetration-enhancing activity of the compounds was ascribed to the reduction of the resistance to drug flux of the stratum corneum lipid layers due to the loose packing of the layers when the bulk head group of the enhancers inserts into the layers.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.183-193
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• 2020

Recently, as a natural substance has been emphasized interest in research to enhance the immune function. Green lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a popular vegetable used fresh and it contains various phytochemicals and antioxidant compounds, and has been reported to have various physiological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor and anti-mutagenic. However, only a few studies have investigated on the mechanism of action of immune-enhancing activity of lettuce. Therefore, in this study, the immunomodulatory activities and potential mechanism of action of Green lettuce extracts (GLE) were evaluated in the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. GLE significantly increased NO levels by RAW264.7 cells, as well as expressions of immunomodulators such as iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α and MCP-1. Although GLE activated ERK1/2, p38, JNK and NF-κB, GLE-mediated expressions of immunomodulators was dependent on p38, JNK and NF-κB. In addition, TLR4 inhibition blocked GLE-mediated expressions of immunomodulators and activation of p38, JNK and NF-κB. Taken together, these results demonstrated that TLR4-MAPK/NF-κB signalling pathways participated in GLE-induced macrophage activation and GLE could be developed as a potential immunomodulating functional food.

• Bulletin of Food Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.29-35
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• 2002

To prevent the incidence of type food allergies, removal of food allergens by excluding all foodstuffs containing the allergen(s) or disruption of allergen(s) using proteases has been employed. Though allergen- specific digestion with a protease worked well in the preparation of low allergenic goods, it is often difficult to destroy allergenicity without adversely affecting the nutritive value, taste and rheological properties of foods. In the present study, we represented that herbs component contained both allergy- enhancing and inhibiting factors, in addition to llergens. We also reported that herbal component such as epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) and epicatechingallate (ECG) is possible to be allergy- inhibiting factors, but the exact mechanism by which they alleviate allergic response is left to be clarifying. Document of allergy enhancing factors and enrichment of allergy inhibiting factors may provide a new approach to diminish allergenicity of various foodstufffs. Clarification of the allergic reaction modifying mechanism of food components and optimization of the intake of allergy modifying factor are necessary for decrement of allergenicity of conventional food and prevention of incidents of allergic response

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.305-321
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• 2012

Since Internet Protocol (IP) is the most important protocol in Next Generation Networks (NGNs), 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) utilizes Session Initial Protocol (SIP) based on IP as the base protocol for negotiating sessions in IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). Different from traditional circuit-switched network, in IMS, the media traffic and signaling are delivered through IP transport. The media traffic may affect the signaling efficiency in core network, due to traffic collisions and best effort packets delivery. This paper proposes a novel path-migration mechanism for enhancing the traffic efficiency in integrated NGN-IMS. The simulation results show that the interference and traffic collision can be reduce by applying proposed path-migration mechanism and the signaling efficiency in core network can be improved with higher system capability and voice quality.

• Proceedings of the CALSEC Conference
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• 2004.02a
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• pp.134-149
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• 2004

This paper is aimed at proposing a fuzzy inference mechanism to enhancing the quality of cognitive map-based inference. Its main virtue lies in the two mechanisms： (1) a mechanism for avoiding a synchronization problem which is often observed during inference process with traditional cognitive map, and (2) a mechanism for fuzzifying decision maker's subjective judgment. Our proposed fuzzy inference mechanism (FIM) is basically based on the cognitive map stratification algorithm which can stratify a cognitive map into number of strata and then overcome the synchronization problem successfully. Besides, the proposed FIM depends on fuzzy membership function which is administered by decision maker. With an illustrative B2B negotiation problem, we applied the proposed FIM, deducing theoretical and practical implications. Implementation was conducted by Matlab language.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.358-373
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• 2024

Oxygen evolution reaction is a critical bottleneck for the development of efficient electrochemical hydrogen production because of its sluggish reaction. Among various catalysts, transition metal-based layered double hydroxide has drawn significant attention due to their excellent catalytic properties and cost-effectiveness. This paper begins with basic crystal structures, and then conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism of layered double hydroxide. Strategies for enhancing catalytic properties based on adsorbate evolution mechanism and lattice oxygen mechanism that could surpass theoretical limit of adsorbate evolution mechanism are discussed. This paper ends with a brief discussion on the challenges and future directions of layered double hydroxide-based oxygen evolution reaction catalysts.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 2023

Sargassum horneri (SH), a brown macroalgae, has medicinal properties. The present study investigated the immune-enhancing effects of SH extract on peritoneal macrophages (PM). The SH significantly increased the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO) in PM. It was confirmed that SH significantly increased NO expression through the increase of iNOS protein expression, which is the up-regulation pathway. Additionally, it was determined if SH activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, an upper regulatory mechanism that influences TNF-α, IL-6, and NO expression. Consequently, SH significantly increased the phosphorylation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), all of which are MAPK pathway proteins. Moreover, the immune-enhancing effects of SH on another macrophage cell line, bone marrow-derived macrophages were investigated. It was observed that SH significantly enhanced TNF-α, IL-6, and NO production. Overall, this study demonstrates the immune-enhancing effects of SH on macrophages via activated MAPK pathway. Therefore, it suggests that SH has the potential to improve immunological activity in various macrophage cell lines and can be useful as an immune-enhancing treatment.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.235-240
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• 2024

We designed this study because it is necessary to take health care from middle age for to healthy old age. The purpose of this study was to confirm the effect of middle-aged women on the walking mechanism by applying an exercise program that can achieve the maximum effect through simple exercise regardless of time and place. A total of 20 subjects were selected from middle-aged women aged 45 years or older, with 10 calf-enhancing exercise groups and 10 control groups. As a result of comparing before and after exercise in the calf-enhancing exercise group, the step length left and right, and double support, step time, and speed were improved. As a result of comparing the walking mechanisms of the calf-enhancing exercise group and the non-exercise group after exercise, the step length left and right, and step time left and right were improved. The positive effect of the walking mechanism was shown through the calf-enhancing exercise regardless of time and place. In particular, it is judged that the stride was widened, resulting in an increase in the speed of walking due to the strength of the lower extremities and the shortening of the one-foot support section, resulting in meaningful results. In future studies, it is considered desirable to present measurement data for each life cycle by evaluating all ages, such as adolescents and the elderly, and to provide it as basic data for causing social problems due to lack of normal exercise.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.9C no.5
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• pp.743-748
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• 2002

In recent research for the Internet, many studies have investigated the Diffserv AS architecture that can provide Quality of Service. However, this architecture still lacks the qualification to provide full use of the bandwidth to the customer In this paper, we propose the TS2W3C (Time Sliding Two Window Three Color) marking algorithm to improve the fair share of bandwidth by enhancing the TSW (Time Sliding Window) marking algorithm. Our proposed mechanism provides the bandwidth relatively more fairly than the TSW mechanism.