• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.210-217
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• 2014

This study investigated the dosimetric effects of different dose calculation algorithm for lung stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) using flattening filter-free (FFF) beams. A total of 10 patients with lung cancer who were treated with SABR were evaluated. All treatment plans were created using an Acuros XB (AXB) of an Eclipse treatment planning system. An additional plans for comparison of different alagorithm recalcuated with anisotropic analytic algorithm (AAA) algorithm. To address both algorithms, the cumulative dose-volume histogram (DVH) was analyzed for the planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs). Technical parameters, such as the computation times and total monitor units (MUs), were also evaluated. A comparison analysis of DVHs from these plans revealed the PTV for AXB estimated a higher maximum dose (5.2%) and lower minimum dose (4.2%) than that of the AAA. The highest dose difference observed 7.06% for the PTV $V_{105%}$. The maximum dose to the lung was also slightly larger in the AXB plans. The percentate volumes of the ipsilateral lung ($V_5$, $V_{10}$, $V_{20}$) receiving 5, 10, and 20 Gy were also larger in AXB plans than for AAA plans. However, these parameters were comparable between both AAA and AXB plans for the contralateral lung. The differences of the maximum dose for the spinal cord and heart were also small. The computation time of AXB plans was 13.7% shorter than that of AAA plans. The average MUs were 3.47% larger for AXB plans than for AAA plans. The results of this study suggest that AXB algorithm can provide advantages such as accurate dose calculations and reduced computation time in lung SABR plan using FFF beams, especially for volumetric modulated arc therapy technique.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.636-641
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• 2005

Mulberry leaves, high in dietary fiber and some nutritional materials, are thought to have hypocholesterolemic effect. Therefore, effect of mulberry leaf powder on serum lipid profiles were studied using rats with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed AIN-93 diet (control group), and diets containing high-cholesterol and 0% mulberry leaves powder, high-cholesterol and 5% mulberry leaves powder, and high-cholesterol and 10% mulberry leaves powder for 4 weeks. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by adding 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid to all diets except in control group. Although no differences were observed in food intake and initial body weight among groups, mulberry leaf treatment resulted in significant decreases in food efficiency ratio and body weight gain. Mulberry leaf treatment decreased serum lipid profiles, atherogenic index, cardiac risk factor, low density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, serum aspartate transaminase, and liver lipid levels. High density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, serum HDL-cholesterol, and fecal lipid levels increased, suggesting mulberry leaves could improve hyperlipidemia and liver action, thereby proventing cardiovascular disease.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.218-224
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• 2000

The efforts were made to optimite ethanol extraction from persimmon leaf with the time of extraction$(1.5{\sim}2.5\;hrs)$, the temperature of extraction$(70{\sim}90^{\circ}C)$, and the concentration of ethanol$(0{\sim}40%)$ as three primary variables together with several functional characteristics of persimmon leaf as reaction variables. The conditions of extraction was best fitted by using response surface methodology through the center synthesis plan, and the optimal conditions of extraction were established. The contents of soluble solid and soluble tannin went up as the concentration of ethanol went up and the temperature of extraction went down, and the turbidity went down as the concentration of ethanol went down. Electron donation ability was hardly affected by the extraction temperature and had the tendency to go up as the concentration of ethanol went up. The inhibitory activity of xanthine oxidase(XOase) had the tendency to go up as both the concentration of ethanol and the temperature of extraction went up. The inhibitory activity of angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE), the significance of which still was not recognized, showed the maximum when the concentration of ethanol was 27%. In result, the optimal conditions of extraction was the extraction time of two hours, the extraction temperature of $75{\sim}81^{\circ}C$, and the ethanol concentration of $33{\sim}35%$.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the dose distribution when wedge filter is used in the various tissue electron density materials. The dose distribution was assessed that the enhanced dynamic wedge filter and physical wedge filter were used in the solid water phantom, cork phantom, and air cavity. The film dosimetry was suitable simple to measure 2D dose distribution. Therefore, the radiochromic films (Gafchromic EBT2, ISP, NJ, USA) were selected to measure and to analyze the dose distributions. A linear accelerator using 6 MV photon were irradiated to field size of $10{\times}10cm^2$ with 400 MUs. The dose distributions of EBT2 films were analyzed the in-field area and penumbra regions by using dose analysis program. In the dose distributions of wedge field, the dose from a physical wedge was higher than that from a dynamic wedge at the same electron density materials. A dose distributions of wedge type in the solid water phantom and the cork phantom were in agreements with 2%. However, the dose distribution in air cavity showed the large difference with those in the solid water phantom or cork phantom dose distributions. Dose distribution of wedge field in air cavity was not shown the wedge effect. The penumbra width, out of the field of thick and thin, was observed larger from 1 cm to 2 cm at the thick end. The penumbra of physical wedge filter was much larger average 6% than the dynamic wedge filter. If the physical wedge filter is used, the dose was increased to effect the scatter that interacted with photon and physical wedge. In the case of difference in electron like the soft tissue, lung, and air, the transmission, absorption, and scattering were changed in the medium at high energy photon. Therefore, the treatment at the difference electron density should be inhomogeneity correction in treatment planning system.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2013

This study investigated the rate of setup variance by the rotating unbalance of gantry in image-guided radiation therapy. The equipments used linear accelerator(Elekta Synergy TM, UK) and a three-dimensional volume imaging mode(3D Volume View) in cone beam computed tomography(CBCT) system. 2D images obtained by rotating $360^{\circ}$and $180^{\circ}$ were reconstructed to 3D image. Catpan503 phantom and homogeneous phantom were used to measure the setup errors. Ball-bearing phantom was used to check the rotation axis of the CBCT. The volume image from CBCT using Catphan503 phantom and homogeneous phantom were analyzed and compared to images from conventional CT in the six dimensional view(X, Y, Z, Roll, Pitch, and Yaw). The variance ratio of setup error were difference in X 0.6 mm, Y 0.5 mm Z 0.5 mm when the gantry rotated $360^{\circ}$ in orthogonal coordinate. whereas rotated $180^{\circ}$, the error measured 0.9 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm in X, Y, Z respectively. In the rotating coordinates, the more increased the rotating unbalance, the more raised average ratio of setup errors. The resolution of CBCT images showed 2 level of difference in the table recommended. CBCT had a good agreement compared to each recommended values which is the mechanical safety, geometry accuracy and image quality. The rotating unbalance of gentry vary hardly in orthogonal coordinate. However, in rotating coordinate of gantry exceeded the ${\pm}1^{\circ}$ of recommended value. Therefore, when we do sophisticated radiation therapy six dimensional correction is needed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1135-1141
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• 2000

For investigation of new utilization as jang-products, Meju was prepared using barely bran. As barley meju was fermented, change of pH was $5.2{\sim}5.6$, it was indistinguishable change. L-value of color was changed from 46.9 to 60.3, that meant it was getting moe dark. The counts of aerobic bacteria were $4.8{\times}10^7{\sim}5.6{\times}10^9$ CFU/g, it was extraordinarily increased during fermentation. Counts of Yeast, molds, and bacteria were $9.1{\times}10^6{\sim}5.0{\times}10^8$ CFU/g, $8.3{\times}10^5{\sim}6.9{\times}10^7$, and $2.0{\times}10^2{\sim}4.5{\times}10^6$ CFU/g, respectively. Crude ash content was $3146.0{\sim}7147.4$ mg%. The level of K was the highest in quantity among the crude ash in barely meju. 7 free sugars(i.e., raffnose, stachyose, inositol, fructose, glucose, arabinose, and maltose), 3 volatile organic acid(i.e., acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid) and 4 non-volatile organic acid(i.e., fumaric acid, ${\alpha}-ketoglutaric$ acid, malic acid, and citric acid) were detected. The content of free amino acid was $596.3{\sim}1580.8$ mg%. Glutamic acid was most abundant component among the amino acids, 2nd abundant component was alanine, it's content was $79.9{\sim}165.3$ mg%, 3rd abundant component was leucine, it's count was $41.7{\sim}161.6$ mg%. Finally, essential amino acid content was revealed $33.2{\sim}40.38%$.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.52-71
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• 2019

The quality of school education is a key element for national education development. An important factor that determines the quality of school education is qualities of teachers who are in responsible for school education in the field. Therefore, it is necessary to hire competent teachers in the teacher appointment exam for the secondary school. This necessity is evident especially for vocational high schools and Meister high schools with the introduction of 2015-revised curriculum based on NCS that separates each three subjects, "Electrical, Electronics Communication" resulting in the change of question mechanism, which requires new designing of assessment and content area. So, this study analyzes curriculum in college of education for "Electrical", "Electronics", "Communication", 2015-revised curriculum based on NCS and the development of standards for teacher qualifications and assessment area and evaluation of teaching ability in the subjects of the teacher appointment exam, "Electrical, Electronics Communication" Engineering" in 2009. The assessment area and content elements of "Electrical", "Electronics", "Communication are extracted from the analyzed results and they are verified by experts' consultation and presented as follows; First, the assessment area and content elements of the "Electrical" subject were designed to evaluate the NCS - based 2015 revised curriculum by presenting the NCS learning module to the evaluation area and content element in the basic subject "Electrical and Electronics Practice". Second, the section of "Electronics" presented the assessment area and content elements applying the Electronic Circuit, basic subject of the NCS and it also added "Electromagnetics", which is the basic part of Electronics in the Application of Electromagnetic waves that could be applied to the assessment. Third, the assessment area and content elements of "Communication" consist of the communication-related practice that is based on "Electrical" and "Electronic", considering the characteristics of "Communication Engineering". In particular, "Electrical and Electronics practice" which adds network construction practice and communication-related practice makes it to be able to evaluate the communication-related practical education.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.351-359
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• 2017

This study investigates the quality characteristics of dough and bread added with 6% chestnut shell powder and extruded chestnut shell powder at various conditions. As extrusion process variables, melt temperature ($110^{\circ}C$, $130^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$) and moisture (25% and 30%) were controlled. Total dietary fiber content was slightly increased in extruded chestnut shell powder group. In the farinogram, absorption was significantly increased in the group of 25% moisture content and 30% moisture content (p<0.05). After 2 hours and 3 hours, the leavening heights of dough for control showed a similar tendency to that of dough with extruded chestnut shell at a melt temperature $150^{\circ}C$ and with moisture content of 25% and 30%. Specific volume was the highest at a control of $3.74{\pm}0.08cc/g$ and extruded chestnut shell powder group was slightly higher than the chestnut shell powder group. Firmness after 1 day on control of $107.42{\pm}14.52g$ was similar to that of the bread with extruded chestnut shell at a temperature of $150^{\circ}C$ and moisture content of 25% for $113.33{\pm}6.17g$. In conclusion, the extrusion-cooking of chestnut shell powder improved the quality characteristics of dough and bread. The optimum combinations of conditions in tested range were melt temperature at $150^{\circ}C$ and moisture content at 25%, and melt temperature at $130^{\circ}C$ and moisture content at 30%.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.247-258
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• 2023

This study aims to investigate the enhancement of water resistance and improvement in adhesion to the skin by combining dextrin palmitate and isopropyl titanium triisostearate coating materials with titanium dioxide. Due to the recent increase in consumers who enjoy outdoor activities, the demand for sunscreen with excellent water resistance is increasing. Prior research was conducted with O/W, Pickering, and W/O/W multiple formulations, but there was a limit to water resistance. The purpose of this study is to develop a complex inorganic powder that can improve water resistance and increase adhesion to the skin to solve this problem. First, we combined dextrin palmitate and isopropyl titanium triisostearate coating materials to form a composite with titanium dioxide. The coating of the inorganic powder was confirmed using FE-SEM and FT-IR analysis. The composite exhibited significantly higher in vitro water resistance compared to other formulations. The hydrophobicity of the coated inorganic powder was compared by measuring the contact angles. When the coated inorganic powder was applied to the W/O sunscreen formulation and the non-coated inorganic powder was applied to the W/O sunscreen formulation as a control, the SPF of the sunscreen containing the coated inorganic powder was higher. These results were the same when observed with a UV camera. Finally the adhesion of the coated inorganic powder to the skin was assessed by applying it to a foundation product. In vivo study, it was observed that the product formulated with the coated powder exhibited less smudging compared to the foundation product formulated with the non-coated powder. The developed inorganic powder in this study demonstrated excellent adhesion to the skin, providing a superior sensory experience, as well as enhanced hydrophobicity and remarkable water resistance effects. In the future, the result of this study is expected to help develop various sunscreen products to improve water resistance.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.60-75
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• 2022

The Bayesian algorithm model is a model algorithm that calculates probabilities based on input data and is mainly used for complex disasters, water quality management, the ecological structure between living things or living-non-living factors. In this study, we analyzed the main factors affected Korean Estuary Trophic Diatom Index (KETDI) change based on the Bayesian network analysis using the diatom community and physicochemical factors in the domestic estuarine aquatic ecosystem. For Bayesian analysis, estuarine diatom habitat data and estuarine aquatic diatom health (2008~2019) data were used. Data were classified into habitat, physical, chemical, and biological factors. Each data was input to the Bayesian network model (GeNIE model) and performed estuary aquatic network analysis along with the nationwide and each coast. From 2008 to 2019, a total of 625 taxa of diatoms were identified, consisting of 2 orders, 5 suborders, 18 families, 141 genera, 595 species, 29 varieties, and 1 species. Nitzschia inconspicua had the highest cumulative cell density, followed by Nitzschia palea, Pseudostaurosira elliptica and Achnanthidium minutissimum. As a result of analyzing the ecological network of diatom health assessment in the estuary ecosystem using the Bayesian network model, the biological factor was the most sensitive factor influencing the health assessment score was. In contrast, the habitat and physicochemical factors had relatively low sensitivity. The most sensitive taxa of diatoms to the assessment of estuarine aquatic health were Nitzschia inconspicua, N. fonticola, Achnanthes convergens, and Pseudostaurosira elliptica. In addition, the ratio of industrial area and cattle shed near the habitat was sensitively linked to the health assessment. The major taxa sensitive to diatom health evaluation differed according to coast. Bayesian network analysis was useful to identify major variables including diatom taxa affecting aquatic health even in complex ecological structures such as estuary ecosystems. In addition, it is possible to identify the restoration target accurately when restoring the consequently damaged estuary aquatic ecosystem.