• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.1784-1793
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of tributyrin (TB) on the growth performance, pro-inflammatory cytokines, intestinal morphology, energy status, disaccharidase activity, and antioxidative capacity of broilers challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A total of 160 one-day-old Cobb broilers were allocated to 1 of 4 treatments, with 4 replicated pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen. The experiment consisted of a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangements of treatments with TB supplementation (0 or 500 mg/kg) and LPS challenge (0 or $500{\mu}g/kg$ body weight [BW]). On days 22, 24, and 26 of the trial, broilers received an intraperitoneal administration of $500{\mu}g/kg$ BW LPS or saline. Dietary TB showed no effect on growth performance. However, LPS challenge decreased the average daily gain of broilers from day 22 to day 26 of the trial. Dietary TB supplementation inhibited the increase of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (in the jejunum and ileum), interleukin-6 (in the duodenum and jejunum), and prostaglandin $E_2$ (in the duodenum) of LPS-challenged broilers. Similar inhibitory effects of TB in the activities of total nitric oxide synthase (in the ileum) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (in the jejunum) were also observed in birds challenged with LPS. Additionally, TB supplementation mitigated the decrease of ileal adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate and total adenine nucleotide and the reduction of jejunal catalase activity induced by LPS. Taken together, these results suggest that the TB supplementation was able to reduce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and improve the energy status and anti-oxidative capacity in the small intestine of LPS-challenged broilers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.579-587
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• 2013

A total of 288 crossbred (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) growing pigs were used in two experiments to investigate the effects of adding ${\beta}$-mannanase to corn-soybean meal-based diets on pig performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). Both experiments lasted 28 d and were split into two phases namely 1 to 14 days (phase 1) and 15 to 28 days (phase 2). In Exp. 1,144 pigs weighing $23.60{\pm}1.59$ kg BW were assigned to one of four corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 0, 200, 400 or 600 U/kg ${\beta}$-mannanase. Increasing the level of ${\beta}$-mannanase increased weight gain (quadratic effect; p<0.01) and feed efficiency (linear and quadratic effect; p<0.01) during the second phase and the overall experiment. However, performance was unaffected (p>0.05) by treatment during phase 1. Increasing the amount of ${\beta}$-mannanase in the diet improved (linear and quadratic effect; p<0.05) the ATTD of CP, NDF, ADF, calcium, and phosphorus during both phases. Based on the results of Exp. 1, the optimal supplementation level was determined to be 400 U/kg and this was the level that was applied in Exp. 2. In Exp. 2, 144 pigs weighing $23.50{\pm}1.86$ kg BW were fed diets containing 0 or 400 U/kg of ${\beta}$-mannanase and 3,250 or 3,400 kcal/kg digestible energy (DE) in a $2{\times}2$ factorial design. ${\beta}$-Mannanase supplementation increased (p<0.01) weight gain and feed efficiency while the higher energy content increased (p<0.01) feed intake and feed efficiency during both phases and overall. Increased energy content and ${\beta}$-mannanase supplementation both increased (p<0.05) the ATTD of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, phosphorus, and GE during both phases. There were no significant interactions between energy level and ${\beta}$-mannanase for any performance or digestibility parameter. In conclusion, the ${\beta}$-mannanase used in the present experiment improved the performance of growing pigs fed diets based on corn and soybean. The mechanism through which the improvements were obtained appears to be related to improvements in ATTD.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.369-373
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• 1995

A study was conducted to determine the effects of varying palm oil levels (0 to 8%) in the diets on the performance of broilers under the warm humid tropical environment. Increasing palm oil levels resulted in corresponding rise in the dietary energy concentrations, and broilers fed on higher energy diets improved feed and energy consumption, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Total carcass fat content was found to increase at higher levels of palm oil inclusions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1652-1662
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• 2014

The present study investigated the optimum blending condition of protected fat, choline and yeast culture for lowering of rumen temperature. The Box Benken experimental design, a fractional factorial arrangement, and response surface methodology were employed. The optimum blending condition was determined using the rumen simulated in vitro fermentation. An additive formulated on the optimum condition contained 50% of protected fat, 25% of yeast culture, 5% of choline, 7% of organic zinc, 6.5% of cinnamon, and 6.5% of stevioside. The feed additive was supplemented at a rate of 0.1% of diet (orchard grass:concentrate, 3:7) and compared with a control which had no additive. The treatment resulted in lower volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and biogas than the control. To investigate the effect of the optimized additive and feed energy levels on rumen and rectal temperatures, four rumen cannulated Hanwoo (Korean native beef breed) steers were in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Energy levels were varied to low and high by altering the ratio of forage to concentrate in diet: low energy (6:4) and high energy (4:6). The additive was added at a rate of 0.1% of the diet. The following parameters were measured; feed intake, rumen and rectal temperatures, ruminal pH and VFA concentration. This study was conducted in an environmentally controlled house with temperature set at $30^{\circ}C$ and relative humidity levels of 70%. Steers were housed individually in raised crates to facilitate collection of urine and feces. The adaptation period was for 14 days, 2 days for sampling and 7 days for resting the animals. The additive significantly reduced both rumen (p<0.01) and rectal temperatures (p<0.001) without depressed feed intake. There were interactions (p<0.01) between energy level and additive on ruminal temperature. Neither additive nor energy level had an effect on total VFA concentration. The additive however, significantly increased (p<0.01) propionate and subsequently had lower acetate:propionate (A/P) ratios than non-additive supplementation. High concentrate diets had significantly lower pH. Interactions between energy and additive were observed (p<0.01) in ammonia nitrogen production. Supplementation of diets with the additive resulted in lower rumen and rectal temperatures, hence the additive showed promise in alleviating undesirable effects of heat stress in cattle.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.329-337
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• 2015

In this paper, a simulation based estimation method of energy consumption of the spindle and feed drives for the NC machine tool during the cutting process is proposed. To predict energy consumption of the feed drive system, position, velocity, acceleration and jerk of the table are analyzed based on NC data and then the power and energy are calculated considering friction force and mass of the stages. Energy consumption of the spindle is estimated based on models from acceleration motion of rotating parts, friction torque and power loss of motors. Moreover, simulation models of cutting power and energy for the material removal along the NC tool paths are proposed.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2010

The evaporative desalination system using solar thermal energy would be the efficient and attractive method to get fresh water from brine due to low carbon dioxide generation. In this research the solar desalination system as a heating source of refrigerant R123 in the evaporator was considered. The circulation of refrigerant in the evaporator can reduce the energy consumption of the system, because of using the latent heat of the refrigerant 123 instead of the sensible heat of present hot water. The system was comprised of the single-stage fresh water production unit on the capacity of 1ton/day with shell and tube type evaporator, heaters instead of solar collector to supply the proper heat to refrigerant, and refrigerant and brine circulation systems. Various operating flowrate and temperature ranges were varied in the experiments to get the optimum design data. The results showed that the optimum flow rate of brine feed rate to evaporator was 1.2Liter/min, and the yield of fresh water was increased as higher temperature of feed brine. It was confirmed that the circulation flowrate of heating source of refrigerant was decrease of one fifth of the present warm water system, and very efficient system for solar desalination.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.257-266
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• 1994

Three protein feeding systems for egg-type pullets involving conventional step-down protein 18-15-12%), step-up protein(12-15-18%) and single-stage low protein (13-13-13%) with an iso-energy level of 2,900 ME kcal /kg were compared to examine the effect on pullet growth and subsequent laying performance. During the growing period, pullets subjected to the step-up and single-stage low protein feeding systems were lighter in body weight and consumed less feed and netabolizable energy than those on the conventional step-down protein feeding system(P<0.05). 3ut the pullets on the step-up protein diet consumed more protein, and those on the single-stage low protein diet consumed less protein than those on the step-down protein diet(P<0.05). Also, he feed cost was less in pullets on the single-stage low protein diet than in those on the other systems(P<0.05). During the laying period, sexual maturity was later in hens reared on the step-up and single-stage low protein diets than in those on the step-down protein diet(P<0.05), however, average hen-day egg production and egg weight were not significantly affected by the protein feeding systems in the growing period. Daily feed intake and feed required per egg were significantly reduced in hens on the single-stage low protein diet compared to those on conventional protein feeding system(P<0.05). It was concluded that the 13% single-stage low protein feeding system produced smaller pullets with less feed, energy, protein, and feed cost during the growing period, and hens reared on that system consumed less feed during the laying period without any impairment of production compared to the conventional rearing system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.691-699
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• 2013

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the metabolizable energy (ME) value, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of soybean meal (SBM), soy protein concentrate (SPC) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM), and the application of these products in early-weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, four barrows with initial body weight (BW) of $14.2{\pm}1.4$ kg were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The diet 1 contained corn as the only energy source. The other three diets replaced 25% of corn in diet 1 with one of the three soybean products, and the digestable energy (DE) and ME contents were determined by difference. In Exp. 2, four barrows (initial BW of $18.2{\pm}1.5$ kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and allotted to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three cornstarch-based diets were formulated using each of the soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. In Exp. 3, ninety six piglets (initial BW of $5.6{\pm}0.9$ kg) weaned at $21{\pm}2$ d were blocked by weight and assigned to one of three treatments for a 21-d growth performance study. The control diet was based on corn and SBM, the two treatments' diets contained either 10% SPC or FSBM and were formulated to same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal. The results showed that the ME content of SPC was greater than SBM (p<0.05). The SID of most AA in SPC was greater than the SID of AA in SBM (p<0.05). For the essential AA, the SID of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and threonine in FSBM were greater than in SBM (p<0.05). Even though they were fed same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal diets, pigs fed SPC and FSBM diets had greater weight gain, G:F (p<0.05) and better fecal score (p<0.05) than pigs fed SBM diet. In conclusion, SPC showed a higher ME content and SID of AA than the SBM. SID of some essential AA in FSBM was higher than SBM and was similar with SPC. But the lower antigenic proteins and anti-nutritional factors content in SPC and FSBM may be the main factors affecting the performance of early-weaned piglets rather than the increased ME content and SID of AA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.361-368
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• 1991

In two experiments 640 starcross replacement pullets between 25 and 154 days of age were fed ad libitum on either of 16 diets formed by the combination of $4CP{\times}4ME$ levels to study the interaction of CP and ME on growth performances. In both experiments, feed intake decreased, but protein intake, energy intake, live weight gain and feed conversion efficiency increased and sexual maturity hastened with the increase of dietary protein and/or energy level. The protein conversion efficiency decreased with the increase of dietary protein level. The energy conversion efficiency, however, did not show any relationship with dietary energy level. There was a greater improvement of growth performance due to simultaneous increase of dietary protein and energy level than that of increasing protein or energy alone.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2001년도 제18차 정기총회 및 학술발표 PROCEEDINGS
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• pp.58-60
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• 2001

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of nutrient level and feeding method of split diets for a.m. and p.m. on laying hen performance. In both studies, ISA Brown layers were kept in laying hen cages and treatments were represented by three or four replicates each containing 25 or 34 birds. In Experiment 1, the control group(C) was fed a conventional single diet throughout the day and split diet groups(T1, T2 and T3) were offered high energy/protein - low Ca diet and low energy/protein - high Ca diets in a.m. and p.m., respectively. In split diet groups, ME and CP consumption, and feed cost required per day and per kg egg mass were significantly reduced(P＜0.05) compared to C group, while the hen-day egg production, average egg weight and daily feed intake were not different among treatments. In the second study, C and T1 groups were fed the diets same to the C and T2 groups in Experiment 1, respectively. And T2 group was fed the diet mixed with the split diets for a.m. in mash and p.m. in pellet used in T1 group. In T1 and T2 groups, daily feed intake and average egg weight were significantly reduced(P＜0.05), while the hen-day egg production was not influenced by the feeding system. Daily ME and CP consumption, and feed cost were reduced(P＜0.05) in T1 and T2, while the ME, CP and feed cost required per kg egg mass were not different to the C group. In both study, eggshell qualities were improved(P＜0.05) by split diet feeding. It was concluded the feed and nutrients consumption, feed cost per day or per kg egg mass could be spared by introducing split diets for a.m. and p.m., and the feeding method of mixed diet of split diets was also convenient and effective for sparing feed cost and improvement of eggshell quality.