• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.252-258
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• 2023

The human fetal sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is characterized by unequal development of the paired bones and delayed cavitation. Thus, during the long in utero period, the bony ilium becomes adjacent to the cartilaginous sacrum. This morphology may be analogous to that of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). We examined horizontal histological sections of 24 fetuses at 10-30 weeks and compared the timing and sequences of joint cartilage development, cavitation, and ossification of the ilium. We also examined histological sections of the TMJ and humeroradial joint, because these also contain a disk or disk-like structure. In the ilium, endochondral ossification started in the anterior side of the SIJ, extended posteriorly and reached the joint at 12 weeks GA, and then extended over the joint at 15 weeks GA. Likewise, the joint cartilage appeared at the anterior end of the future SIJ at 12 weeks GA, and extended along the bony ilium posteriorly to cover the entire SIJ at 26 weeks GA. The cavitation started at 15 weeks GA. Therefore, joint cartilage development seemed to follow the ossification of the ilium by extending along the SIJ, and cavitation then occurred. This sequence "ossification, followed by joint cartilage formation, and then cavitation" did not occur in the TMJ or humeroradial joint. The TMJ had a periosteum-like membrane that covered the joint surface, but the humeroradial joint did not. After muscle contraction starts, it is likely that the mechanical stress from the bony ilium induces development of joint cartilage.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.68-79
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• 1996

To investigate the efficiency of a fibrous collagen membrane(FCM) composed of bovine skin type I atelocollagen as a carrier for BMP, partially purified bovine BMP/FCM($0.3mg/10{\times}5{\times}1mm$) composites were implanted into the dorsal subcutaneous tissue of rats. FCM alone was also implanted as a control. The implants were harvested at 1, 2, 3, and 10 weeks after implantation, then prepared for routine light microscopic observation. The FCM alone did not induce osteogenesis and revealed no specific foreign body reaction nor was there any definite resorptive evidence for 10 weeks after implantation, while the BMP/FCM composites induced favorable bone formation in a process that resembled an endochondral and direct ossification mode. At 10 weeks, the well formed bone confined to embedded collagen fibers revealed hematopoietic marrow between bony trabeculae without evidence of resorptive or degenerative changes . These findings support the suggestion that BMP may induce undifferentiated mesenchymal cells into either chondroblasts or osteoblasts or both independantly according to the chemico- physical characteristics of the carrier, which develops the endochondral and/or direct bone formation process, and suggest that the FCM may be a favorable carrier for BMP.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.11-18
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• 1989

This study was undertaken to obtain basic data of the sternal development in Korean native cattle from the earliest sternal formation to the ossification using histological and histochemical methods. Thrity three sterna were collected from a series of embryos and fetuses ranging from 11 to 225mm (estimated age 37~120days) in crown rump length. The bilateral sternal bars were observed in the 2nd group(CRL 21~3mm) of Korean cattle embryos. Those bars initiated to be fused in the 3rd group (CRL 31~4mm) and completed in the 7th group(CRL 71~80mm). The ossification centers were detected in the 8th group(CRL 81~90mm) also bilateral ossification centers were found in the same group. The typical epiphyseal plates, endochondral bone and calcium deposit were found in the 9th group(CRL 91~100mm). Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and myeloid cells appeared in ossification centers in the 10th group(more than CRL 101mm). The alcianophility responded markedly in the 9th group that was decreased and showed slightly positive reaction in territorial matrix of the 10th group. Marked positive reaction to PAS was observed in bony trabeculae in the 10th group. The positive reaction to calcium deposit by trichrome stain was observed initially in the hypertrophied zone of epiphyseal plate in the 9th group and was conspicuous in the calcified zone of epiphyseal plate in the 10th group. The 1st positive reaction to the von Kossa stain was observed in the 9th group.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.38
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• pp.45.1-45.7
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• 2016

Background: We evaluated and compared the outcomes of different ossification processes in patients with alveolar cleft in whom correction was performed using endochondral bone graft or intramembranous bone graft. Methods: The patients were divided into two groups: the endochondral bone (iliac bone or rib bone) graft group and the intramembranous bone (mandibular bone) graft group. Medical records and radiologic images of patients who underwent alveolar bone grafting due to alveolar cleft were analyzed retrospectively. Through postoperative and follow-up radiologic images, the height of the interdental bone septum was classified into four types based on the highest point of alveolar ridge. Then, the height of the interdental bone septum and the area of the bone graft were evaluated according to the type of bone graft. In addition, the occurrence of complications and the need for an additional bone graft, the result of postoperative orthodontic treatment, and the eruption of impacted teeth were investigated. Results: Thirty patients were included in this study. There was no significant difference in the change of the interdental bone height and the area of the bone graft according to the type of bone. There was no significant difference in the success rate of the surgery according to the type of bone. One patient underwent an additional bone graft surgery during the follow-up period. Conclusions: The outcomes of alveolar bone grafting were not significantly different according to the type of bone graft. If appropriate to the size of the recipient site, the chin bone is a useful graft material in alveolar cleft, as is the iliac bone.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.66-72
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• 2019

Osteochondroma is a bone tumor with cartilaginous growth potential that generally appears near the growth plate of long bones in areas such as hip, knee, and shoulder joints, related to the nature of endochondral ossification and it is known a common benign bone tumor. However, it has been very rare in craniofacial region possibly because craniofacial bone is largely formed by intramembranous ossification. Moreover, reports on the solitary type of osteochondroma in mandibular condyle has been extremely rare. Osteochondroma in mandibular condylar may show various symptoms similar to general temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs), such as pain in the condylar area during mouth opening, internal derangement, facial asymmetry or posterior open bite. Therefore, it can be disregarded for a long time period without any adequate treatment. Surgical excision has been the treatment option for the solitary osteochondroma with very low recurrence rate reportedly. In this case report, a rare case of solitary osteochondroma developed in unilateral mandibular condyle is presented with emphasis on differential diagnosis with general TMDs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.457-466
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• 1992

An 11 years old Irish Setter bitch was euthanlzed and necropsied because of clinical findings such as severe purulent nasal discharge and formation of large tumor mass, 8 ${\times}$8cm in size, in the abdominal cavity. A complete unilateral mastectomy had been carried out twice 14 and 22 months before necropsy. The surgically removed masess of the mammary glands had been diagnosed as malignant mixed tumor in each time. Grossly, tumor masses were observed in nasal cavity, infralumbar lymph node, lung, abdominal cavityn and brain. Microscopic findings of the surgically removed masses consisted of tumor epithelial cells, tumor hyaline cartilage-like structures and abundant connective tissues. The mass of the lymph node had similar microscopic features to those of the original malignant mixed tumor of the mammary glands. The tumor osseous tissue and osteoid were observed in the abdominal cavity, lung, and brain. Myoepithelial cells were frequently found on association with the metastatic tumors. From the results, it was concluded that malignant mixed tumor of the mammary glands metastasized to the infralunbar lymph node, abdominal cavity, lung and brain. In addition, the observation in this study supported two theories at the same time that the bone in malignant mixed tumor arises by endochondral ossification of the cartilage formed by the myoepithelial cells and arises by intramembranous ossification of stromal connective tissue or transformed myeopithelial cells. Solid carcinoma of the nasal epielia and granulosa cell tumor were also diagnosed in a mass of the nasal cavity and of the ovaries respectively.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.790-794
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• 2001

Spinal osteochondroms are very rare, and are thought to arise through a process of progressive endochondral ossification of aberrant cartilage of a growth plate, as a consequence of congenital defect or trauma. A case of diffuse type osteochondroma involving the posterior elements of L1-L5 that progressed after laminectomy in a 33-year-old man is reported. Usually, the spinal osteochondroma shows clear demarcation between tumor margin and normal spine elements, and can be exised completely. However, there was no clear demarcation between tumor and normal spine element in our case and therefore it was not possible to removal completely.

• Experimental and Molecular Medicine
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• v.50 no.11
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• pp.3.1-3.11
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• 2018

This study aimed to verify the effects of estrogen on the onset and development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and the mechanisms associated with these effects by constructing a pubescent bipedal rat model. Experiments were conducted to investigate whether scoliosis progression was prevented by a Triptorelin treatment. One hundred twenty bipedal rats were divided into female, OVX (ovariectomy), OVX + E2, Triptorelin, sham, and male groups. According to a spinal radiographic analysis, the scoliosis rates and curve severity of the female and OVX + E2 groups were higher than those in the OVX, Triptorelin, and male groups. The measurements obtained from the sagittal plane of thoracic vertebrae CT confirmed a relatively slower growth of the anterior elements and a faster growth of the posterior elements between T11 and T13 in the female and OVX + E2 groups than in the OVX and Triptorelin groups. Histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry revealed a significantly longer hypertrophic zone of the vertebral cartilage growth plates that expressed more type X collagen and less type II collagen in the OVX and Triptorelin groups than in the female and OVX + E2 groups. Ki67 immunostaining confirmed an increase in the proliferation of vertebral growth plate chondrocytes in the OVX group compared with the female and OVX + E2 groups. In conclusion, estrogen obviously increased the incidence of scoliosis and curve severity in pubescent bipedal rats. The underlying mechanism may be a loss of coupling of the endochondral ossification between the anterior and posterior columns. Triptorelin decreased the incidence of scoliosis and curve magnitudes in bipedal female rats.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.265-286
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• 1997

Bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs) are a group of transforming growth factor beta(TGF-${\beta}$)-related factors and multifunctional proteins, especially the only known biologic factors capable of inducing endochondral bone formation at an extraskeletal site. This study was performed to investigate the effect of the partially purified porcine BMP(pBMP) at an ectopic site. PBMP was partially purified from porcine bone matrix and its activity was monitored by an in vivo bioassay. The purification method utilized extraction of the bone-inducing activity with 4M guanidine, followed by chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. Active fractions were assayed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. And the fractions were reconstituted with inactive insoluble collagenous bone matrix from rats, acid soluble type I collagen from rat tail and chondroitin-6-sulfate sodium salt and implanted into the pectroralis muscle pouches of Sprague-Dawley rats. And the carrier complex was implanted on the opposite side as control. The rats were sacrificed at the day of 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 11th, 14th and 21st after implantation and examined histologically, radiologically and biochemically. And alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium content were used as indices of bone formation. The results were as follows ; 1. Active fractions were localized in a zone between 31 and 40 KDa on SDS-PAGE. 2. The implanted 3.0mg of the partially purified pBMP induced cartilage and bone in the muscle tissue of rats through an endochondral ossification process. 3. Inactive insoluble bone matrix, type I collagen and chondroitin-6-sulfate have functioned as carriers for pBMP, but revealed some foreign body reactions. 4. Soft X-ray didn't reveal significant change between the experimental and the control group. 5. The alkaline phosphatase activities in the experimental group of 5th, 7th, 11th, 14th and 21st were increased significantly compared with control (p<0.01) with the peak in the group of 11th day. 6. With time, the calcium content of the experimental group increased. And the calcium contents in the experimental group of 11th, 14th and 21st were increased significantly compared with control (p<0.01).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.6 s.53
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• pp.723-731
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• 1995

Type I and type II collagens are considered the major collagens of bone and cartilage respectively. Monitoring the patterns of those gene and protein expressions during development will provide a basis for the understanding of the normal and abnormal growths. This study was undertaken to investigate the expression of collagen genes and proteins involved in the developing human mandible. Fifty embryos and fetuses were studied with Alcian blue-PAS, Masson's Trichrome, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot analysis, and Southern blot analysis. Our results showed that $pro-{\alpha}1(II)$ collagen gene expression begins in the 5th week. Type II collagen is synthesized in mesenchymal cells in advance: of overt chondrogenesis. The gene expression for type II collagen was highest during the appearance of Meckel's cartilage. There was a switch in collagen protein expression from type I to type II during the appearance stage of Meckel's cartilage. The distribution of the mRNA for type II collagen corresponded well with the pattern of type II collagen protein. The endochondral ossification was observed where there was direct replacement of cartilage by bone.