• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.190-195
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• 2005

The laboratory and pilot scale BAFs (biological aerated filters) were operated with 0.3 hr to 1.1 hr EBCT(empty bed contact time) at a maximum filtration rate of $472m^3/m^2/day$ as a treatment method for reuse of secondary effluent and by-pass flow in this study. The effluent BOD and SS were generally 3.5 to 5 mg/L and 2 to 3 mg/L, respectively with 2ndary effluent, but the SS concentrations increased to 4 to 8 mg/L with the increased flow rates of by-pass flow. Potential nitrification rates were very high, but the nitrogen removal efficiencies were low due to the limited carbon sources. Bypass of a part of primary effluent seemed to be desirable to increase the nitrogen removal. Disinfection must be furnished for the reuse of BAF effluent.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.208-215
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• 2002

상수원수를 보다 효과적으로 처리함으로서 양질의 수돗물을 공급하기 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 낙동강 상수원수를 대상으로 활성탄처리에 의한 공탑체류시간 및 활성탄 여층 깊이에 따른 수처리 효율과 생물활성탄으로서의 이용 가능성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 공탑체류시간(EBCT)에 따른 수처리 효율은 EBCT가 증가 할수록 증가되었으나 운전시간이 경과함에 따라 활성탄 흡착능력은 감소되어 처리효율도 서서히 감소하였다 활성탄 여층 깊이에 따른 pH 변화는 활성탄 층 깊이에 따라 거의 없었으며, DO는 활성탄 층 깊이가 깊을수록 서서히 감소하였다. $KMnO_4$ 소비량, UV254 흡광물질, DOC 및 THMFP 처리효율은 활성탄 표층으로부터 하부로 내려갈수록 증가하였으며, 운전시간이 경과할수록 활성탄 상층부에 형성되어 있던 흡착대가 하부로 이동하였다. DOC의 상당 부분이 활성탄여과지에 서식하는 미생물 작용에 의해 분해 제거되는 것으로 나타났으며, 운전개시 126일 후의 BAC에서 활성탄 표층으로 부터 깊이 20 cm부근에 미생물이 $1.1\times10^7\;cell/cm^3$ 이상 존재하는 것으로 관찰되어 생물활성탄 조건을 만족시키고 있었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.13-25
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• 2007

The water treatment plants in Seoul Metropolitan Area, which are under Korea Water Resources Corporation(KOWACO)'s management, take water from Paldang Reservoir in Han River System for drinking water supply. There are taste and odor (T&O) problems in the finished water because the conventional treatment processes do not effectively remove the T&O compounds. As part of countermeasures for taste and odor control, KOWACO is planning to introduce advanced water treatment process such as ozone and GAC in near future. This study evaluated the removal characteristics of T&O and dissolved organic matter (DOM) to find design and operation parameters of advanced water treatment processes in a pilot-scale treatment plant. The GAC adsorption capacity for DOC in the two GAC system (GAC and $O_3$-GAC) at an EBCT of 14min was mostly exhausted after 9months. The differency of the removal efficiency of DOC between $O_3$-GAC and GAC increased with increasing operation time because the bioactivity in $O_3$-GAC process was enhanced by post-ozone process. Removal by conventional treatment was unable to reach the target TON(threshold odor number) of 3 but GAC systems at an EBCT(empty bed contact time) of 14 min were able to archive the target with few exception. During the high T&O episodes, PAC as a pretreatment together with GAC could be useful option for T&O control. However, substantial TON removal continued for more than two year (> 90,000 bed volumes). At the spiking of less concentration 26 to 61 ng/L in the influent of GAC systems, GAC absorber and $O_3$-GAC processes could meet the treatment target. The better spike control after 12 and 19 months of operation compared to that after 7 months of operation is a strong indication of biological control. The results presented in this study had shown that $O_3$-GAC process was found to be more effective for T&O control than GAC process. And the main removal mechanism in GAC systems were adsorption capacity and biodegradation.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.276-285
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• 2006

오염 하천수 수질개선 연구를 위해 pilot plant 규모의 호기성 생물여과 공정을 이용하여 실제원수를 적용한 경우 유입 공기량을 $0.1m^3air/m^2min$으로 고정하고 EBCT를 90, 60, 45, 30 min으로 운전 시 입자성 물질(SS, Turbidity, Chl.-a)의 경우 EBCT와 관계없이 80% 이상의 처리효율을 나타냈으며 암모니아성 질소의 경우 85% 이상의 처리효율을 보였다. BOD의 경우 하천수수질 환경기준 III-IV 급수로 유입되어 I 급수 미만으로 유출되 본 처리 공법 사용 시 생물학적 안정성을 충분히 확보할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. $COD_{Mn}$의 경우 약 60%의 제거효율을 보여 BOD 제거율에 비해 효율이 저하되는 것으로 나타났는데 이러한 원인을 규명한 결과 전체 COD 물질 중 30% 정도가 반응기 내부에 clogging된 조류에 의해서 발생되는 것으로 조사되었으며 이들 조류기원성 유기물들의 기질 비 소비율이 $0.0245mg{\cdot}COD_{Mn}/mg{\cdot}VSS{\cdot}day$로 생물학적 분해가 거의 되지 않는 것으로 나타나 이에 대한 대책으로 부분역세(partial backwashing)에 대한 필요성이 요구되었다. 이에 부분역세(상부 1 m 여재에 대한 1일 1회 역세)를 통해 BOD 5.5%, $COD_{Mn}$ 10% 정도의 제거율 상승을 얻을 수 있었고 이를 통해 생물학적으로 좀더 안정된 원수 확보가 가능해졌으며 역세 기간의 연장으로 역세수 절감 및 유량 확보 효과를 가져 올 것으로 판단된다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.74-80
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• 2008

다공성 담체에 형성된 미생물을 이용한 질소화합물 제거를 위하여 질산화와 탈질의 연계처리에 의한 연구를 수행하였다. $NH_4-N$의 질산화 및 황담체를 전자공여체로 제공하여 독립영양 탈질이 유도되도록 실험을 수행한 결과 다음과 같은 결론이 도출되었다. 유입 농도 및 HRT의 변화에 따라 미생물에 대한 $NH_4-N$의 부하량 ($F/M_N$비)이 $0.0062{\sim}0.034gNH_4-N/g\;MLVSS{\cdot}day$의 범위에서 증가할 경우 부하량 증가에 따른 질산화 율은 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 같은 범위의 $F/M_N$비(유입부하)일 경우 HRT 6시간보다 8시간으로 운전하였을 때가 알칼리도 소모량이 더 높게 나타났다. 따라서 유입 $NH_4-N$ 농도가 높아짐에 따라 증가된 유입부하가 질산화 효율 증가에 미치는 영향보다는 같은 $F/M_N$비(유입부하)일 때 유입유량 변화로 인한 체류시간이 증가할수록 더 질산화의 효율 향상에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. EBCT의 변화에 따른 탈질효율은 8.4hr 이상으로 유지될 때는 평균 25% 이상으로 나타났으나 4.6hr으로 줄어들 때는 평균 5%로 크게 감소함으로써 EBCT는 최소한 8.4hr 이상을 유지하는 것이 더 효율적임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 탈질효율은 $NO_3-N$의 황담체 단위체적 당 유입부하가 $0.5{\sim}2.0kg\;NO_3-N/m^3{\cdot}day$의 범위에서 낮아질수록 반비례하여 증가함을 알 수 있었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.797-805
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• 2012

Contribution of immobilized media with bacteria to the odor removal was evaluated in a lab scale bio-filter compared to that with sponge or ceramic media without the immobilized bacteria. Candida tropicalis for volatile organic compounds and ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) for inorganic compounds were used as seeds in lab-scale bio-reactors. Three different type of media in the bio-reactors that immobilized bioreactor (IBR), sponge bioreactor (SBR), and ceramic bioreactor (CBR) were examined, respectively. An empty bed contact time (EBCT) of the bio-filters was fixed as 60 seconds, and the inlet concentration of toluene was changed from 20 ppm to 200 ppm to observe the removal efficiency depending on the concentrations. As a result, the maximum elimination capacities of IBR, SBR, and CBR were 166 $g/m^3/hr$, 138 $g/m^3/hr$, and 138 $g/m^3/hr$, respectively. In addition, toluene as an organic compound and ammonia as an inorganic compound were applied together with different inlet concentrations varied from 80 ppm to 250 ppm of toluene and from 2.5 ppm to 40 ppm of ammonia. The toluene maximum elimination capacities in IBR, SBR, and CBR were 97.4 $g/m^3/hr$, 59.5 $g/m^3/hr$, and 81.9 $g/m^3/hr$, respectively. The ammonia maximum elimination capacities were reached as 7.2 $g/m^3/hr$ in IBR, 6.6 $g/m^3/hr$ in SBR, and 7.0 $g/m^3/hr$ in CBR.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.723-730
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• 2007

This study was conducted to develop a combined method for remediating a Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (CAHs) mixtures-contaminated aquifer. The process is consist of two processes. A chemical process (1st) using natural zinc ores for reducing higher concentrations of CAH mixtures to the level at which biological process is feasible; and A biological process (2nd) using aerobic cometabolism for treating lower concentration of CAH mixtures (less than 1 mg/L). Natural zinc ore showed relatively high transformation capacity, average dehalogenation percentage, and the best economic efficiency in previously our study. To evaluate the feasibility of the process, we operated two columns in series (that is, chemical and biological columns). In the first column filled with natural zinc ore and sand, CAH mixtures were effectively transformed with more than 95% efficiency, the efficiency depends on the Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) and the mass of zinc ore packed. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis were performed to make sure whether natural zinc ore played an key role in the dechlorination of the CAH mixtures. The characteristics of zinc metal surface changed after exposure to CAHs due to oxidation of $Zn^0$ to $Zn^{2+}$. In the biological column injecting propane, DO and effluent of the chemical column, only 1,1,1-TCA was cometabolically transformed. Consequently, the combined process would be effective to remediate an aquifer contaminated with high concentrations of CAH mixtures.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.73-81
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• 1993

Adsorption process using granular activated carbon(GAC) has been considered as one of the most effective water treatment technologies to remove humic acid which is recon- niEed as trihalomethane(THM) precursor in chlorination. To design the most effective GAC process, it is necessary to conduct the test of adsor- ption performance by means of isothem, batch rate and column studies and to select the most effective activated carbon according to raw materials of GAC - lignite and coconut shell. The objective of this study is to investigate the adsorption performance of humid acid on two activated carbons - lignite activated carbon(LAC) and coconut shell activated car- bon(CAC) made in Korea. It is available to represent UV-abs and trihalomethane formation potential(THMFP) as concentration of humic acid due to good relationship. The adsorption capacity of humid acid is not concerned with surface area of activated carbon but with pore size related to about $100{\AA}$, and then LAC forming at the extent of mesopore is found to be eight times more effective in adsorption capacity than CAC forming at micropore. The adsorption capacity of LAC and CAC is better at pH 5.5 than at pH 7. Pore and surface diffusion coefficients calculated from the diffusion model are $7.61\times10^{-13}m^2/sec$, $3.52\times10^{-15}m^2/sec$ for CAC, and $3.38\times10^{-12}m^2$/sec and $Ds=1.48{\times}10^{-15}m^2/sec$ for GAC respectively. From the results of column test it shows that the performance of LAC is also better than CAC and the optimal EBCT(Empty Bed Contact Time) is 4.52min. and activated carbon removes selectively the components of humic acid to be easily formed to THM.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.776-780
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• 2007

A biofilm reactor packed with porous media was investigated for nitrogen removal of synthetic wastewater. The effect of different loading rates on the nitrification was sustained to be steady state with stable efficiency of 50~60% in the range of $0.0083{\sim}0.017gNH_4-N/gMLVSS{\cdot}day$ of F/MN ratio and $1{\sim}2kgNH_4-N/m^3{\cdot}day$ of media volumetric loading rate. However, nitrification efficiency was rapidly decreased to 25~30% as F/MN ratio and media volumetric loading rate were increased to the range of $0.025{\sim}0.034gNH_4-N/gMLVSS{\cdot}day$ and $3{\sim}4kgNH_4-N/m^3{\cdot}day$, respectively. Also the consumption rate of alkalinity was higher under 8 hours of HRT than unter 6 hours of HRT. Accordingly the influent loading rate variation by detention time with influent flow influenced more on the nitrification efficiency than the influent loading rate variation by the influent concentration did. The temperature effect on the nitrification showed 25% higher in summer than in winter as the results reported by other researchers who reported that the nitrification efficiency in biofilm showed 20% increase from 55% to 75% when the temperature was raised from $20^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$. Denitrification with sulfur-media showed 90% removal efficiency under steady-state with no effect from the increase of influent concentration and empty bed contact time (EBCT) change such as EBCT was decreased from 8.4 hr to 4.3 hr and $NO_3-N$ loading rate was changed within the range of $0.1{\sim}0.4kgNO^3-N/m^3{\cdot}day$. Accordingly Denitrification with sulfur-media is feasible for post denitrification at the concentration less than $80mgNO^3-N/L$.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.318-324
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 생물활성탄 공정에서 geosmin과 MIB의 제거시 생물분해와 흡착기작의 역할을 BAC와 biofilter를 이용하여 평가하였다. 정상상태에 도달한 BAC 공정에서 부착 박테리아들의 활성이 저하된 저수온기($9^{\circ}C$)에도 EBCT 30분의 조건에서는 geosmin과 MIB가 완전 제거되었다. 유입수의 수온이 $26^{\circ}C$일 때가 $9^{\circ}C$일 때보다 상층부분에서 부착 박테리아의 생체량과 활성도가 높았고, 여층의 하부로 갈수록 부착 박테리아의 생체량과 활성도의 감소율이 높게 나타났다. 이는 수온이 높을 때 상층부분에서 BOM 제거율이 높아 하층에 공급할 수 있는 BOM 양이 감소하기 때문이다. 부착 박테리아의 활성이 억제된 BAC 공정의 geosmin과 MIB의 제거율은 활성화된 BAC 공정에서의 제거율과 비교하여 큰 차이를 나타내지 않아 BAC 공정에서 geosmin과 MIB의 제거에 흡착기작의 기여도가 높게 나타났다. BAC 공정에서 geosmin과 MIB의 제거시 부착 박테리아에 의한 생물분해 기작과 활성탄 표면이 가지는 흡착 기작이 경쟁적으로 작용하였다.