• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.15-29
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• 2014

The purposes of this study were to explore the effect of mother-child emotional availability on preschooler's preschool adjustment and mediating effect of preschooler's effortful control on the relationship between mother child emotional availability and preschooler's preschool adjustment. 222 preschoolers(110 boys, 112 girls, aged 5) and their mothers participated in this study. Mother child emotional availability was assessed by Emotional Availability Scale(Biringen, et al., 1998). Preschooler's effortful control was measured by the Child Behavior Questionnaire(Rothbart, et al., 1994). Preschooler's school adjustment was measured by Teacher Rating Scale of School Adjustment: TRSSA(Buhs & Ladd, 2001). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, and structural equation modeling analysis. The major results of this study were as follows; First, Mother-child emotional availability effected on preschooler's preschool adjustment. Second, Mother-child emotional availability effected on preschooler's effortful control. Third, Preschooler's effortful control effected on preschooler's preschool adjustment. Forth, preschooler's effortful control mediated the effect of mother-child emotional availability on preschooler's preschool adjustment. That was, the more mother-child were emotionally available to each other, the more preschooler's effortfully control their attention and behavior, which in turn contributed to preschooler's preschool adjustment. In conclusion, mother-child emotional availability affect on preschooler's preschool adjustment and preschoolers control mediates the relationship between mother-child emotional availability and preschool adjustment.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.8
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to explore and examine the relationship between mother-child emotional availability and preschoolers' story stem narrative response. Eighty two 4-year-old preschoolers and their mothers participated in this study. This study used the following translated evaluation tools: Emotional Availability Scales(EA, 3rd edition) designed by Biringen and colleagues(1998) to examine the quality of the emotional relationship between mother and her child, and the MacArthur Story Stem Battery(MSSB) developed by Bretherton and colleagues with the MacArthur Narrative Group(1990) to measure preschoolers' narrative responses. The following statistical analyses were preformed descriptive, cluster analysis, and One-way ANOVA. The findings were as follows: First, 4 clusters of the narrative responses of 4-year-old preschoolers were prosocial story tellers, avoidant/dysregulated story tellers, constrained story tellers, and anxious story tellers. Second, the preschoolers in the prosocial cluster showed a high level of mother-child emotional availability and the preschoolers in the avoidant/dysregulated cluster showed a low level of mother-child emotional availability.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.103-119
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to explore the mediating effects of preschooler's effortful control on the relationship between maternal emotional availability and preschooler's social skills and problem behaviors. One hundred-thirty six 5-year-old preschoolers and their mothers participated in this study. Instruments for this study were the Emotional Availability Scale for maternal emotional availability, the Delay task, and the Child Behavior Questionnaire for preschooler's effortful control, and the Social Skill Rating Scale, K-CBCL 1.5-5 and K-TRF for preschooler's social skills and problem behaviors. The resulting data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, partial correlation, and structural equation modeling analysis. As predicted, the preschooler's effortful control mediated the effects of maternal emotional availability on preschooler's social skills and problem behaviors. In conclusion, the preschooler's effortful control mediates the effects of emotion related socialization behavior on the preschooler's socio-emotional adjustment.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.23-45
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• 2010

The purposes of this study were to explore the level of emotional availability of working mothers and their 24~48month-olds (67 dyads: 33 boys and 34 girls) in child care centers and to examine the relationship between the mother-child emotional availability and the related variables of working mothers and their children. Emotional Availability Scales (EA, 3rd edition) developed by Biringen, Z., Robinson, J., & and Emde, R.N. (1998) was used. Mother's work-family conflict, maternal parenting stress, and maternal depression, temperament of child, personal background were measured. The results of this study were as follows: The level of mother-child emotional availability was above in the middle level. There were significant differences in the mother-child emotional availability by maternal educational level and family income level, and significant negative correlation between maternal parenting stress and mother-child emotional availability. There was significant difference in the mother-child emotional availability by the starting point of child care experience. Mother-child emotional availability were significantly explained by family income level, maternal parenting stress, and the starting point of child care experience.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.223-242
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• 2012

The main purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the variables of infant temperament, maternal emotional availability, infant emotional responsiveness and involvement. A total of 60 infants and their mothers participated in this study. Mother-infant dyads were observed and mothers then completed questionnaires. Data was analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, t-tests, Pearson's correlations and hierarchical regressions. In terms of infant emotional responsiveness, maternal sensitivity and non-hostility, these were revealed to have had an effect on infant emotional responsiveness. Moreover, infants who have mothers who had the ability to read their infants' emotional signals accurately, responded in appropriate ways and interacted with affection, showed a higher level of responsiveness. In terms of infant emotional involvement, maternal structuring had an effect on infant emotional involvement. That is, infants who have mothers willing to support their infants through appropriate guidance and facilitate their interaction were more emotionally involved during the play sessions. In conclusion, maternal sensitivity, non-hostility and structuring were all related to infant emotional responsiveness and involvement, however, the degree of the effects of these variables differed.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.95-107
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• 2011

Recent intervention studies document that mother-child dyads with higher levels of Emotional Availability (EA) report fewer child behavior problems than dyads with lower EA. This study examines possible mechanisms that lead to this result by looking at the parent-child micro-system as a whole, with multi-dimensional relationships that include individual differences in the child's cognitive level, parental stress and parent-child interaction. A total 67 children ($1{\frac{1}{2}}$ to $5\;{\frac{1}{2}}$ years of age) and their mothers were videotaped during 30-min play interactions. Interactions were coded using the Emotional Availability (EA) Scales (Biringen, Robinson, & Emde, 1998). Mothers completed Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, Child Behavior Checklist/$1\;{\frac{1}{2}}$ - 5, and the Ages Stages Questionnaire. The findings showed that mothers with higher levels of parenting stress were more likely to be intrusive, hostile, insensitive, and had a tendency to do less structuring in play. The children of stressed and depressed mothers demonstrated less involvement and responsiveness towards their mothers. Children who have higher dyadic EA scores experienced fewer externalizing and internalizing problems. SEM analyses results showed a mediation effect of EA on the association between maternal psychological well-being and child behavior problems. Fewer deficits in child communication skills and problem solving skills that were related with lower parenting stress and depression were associated with higher maternal non-intrusiveness. Higher non-intrusiveness was related to less internalizing and externalizing problems that indicated the indirect effect of child cognitive competence. Possible interpretations and implications of the study findings are discussed.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.197-219
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• 2018

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine what motivates users to adopt one of the emerging applications for collaborative consumption of sharing economy. Using the self-determination theory, motivation theory and TAM(Technology Acceptance Model) as the theoretical framework, this study illustrates important factors that influence adoption of collaborative consumption service. We develops the ICTs(Information and Communications Technologies) initiatives and motivation model to collaborative consumption. Design/methodology/approach This paper makes use of a quantitative methodology using survey questionnaire that allows for the measurement of the eight constructs(System Availability, Contents Quality, Design & Personalization, Security & Privacy, Emotional & Social Value, Economic Value, Attitude, Adoption & Consumption) contained in the hypothesized theoretical model on the basis of the prior literatures. Data collected from a sample of 227 respondents who have used the collaborative consumption services and provided the foundation for the examination of the proposed relationships in the model. Findings This study has the following implications for the users and providers of CC platforms and services. The ICTs initiatives (System Availability, Contents Quality, Design & Personalization, Security & Privacy) are the influential factors that motivate the emotional and social value to CC. On the other hand, The ICTs initiatives (System Availability, Contents Quality) are not very significant factors of economic value to CC. The empirical analysis result indicate that there are significant causal effect among emotional & social value, economic value, and adoption to CC. This study provides important theoretical implications for innovation adoption research through an empirical examination of the relationship between ICTs initiatives, motivation factors to collaborative consumption in the sharing economy.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.8
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• pp.86-93
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• 2007

Online game industry is also making much efforts in developing games that have emotional disposition which is rapidly growing by the increase of emotional demand by the user. In the online game development that induces immersion stimulating the emotion of the human has the evaluation stage it must surely pass, and in this stage, emotional evaluation system is known as the evaluation method that one can verify the function, usage and human emotion desire of the game before its launching. Nevertheless, at this situation the studying result is absent in the verification of efficiency and validity of the emotional evaluation system, this study is to work on the availability and validity of the emotional evaluation system as the evaluation tool of the game comparing with the Jakob Nielsen's evaluation system through common user group which are the subjects.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.1-21
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• 2009

Using samples of working mothers with 0-to-47 month old children extracted from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), this study investigated effects of mothers' job characteristics on parenting behaviors and young children's motor, social, and cognitive development. Date were analyzed by descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. Results indicated that (1) job dissatisfaction was negatively related to children's development. (2) Working fewer hours was positively associated with mothers' cognitively stimulating parenting behaviors. (3) Total earnings were a positive predictor of mothers' emotional support. (4) The availability of a flexible hour benefit was positively related to mothers' cognitive stimulation level but the availability of a paid sick and vacation days combined benefit was negatively related to mothers' cognitively stimulating parenting behavior.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.166-174
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• 2010

As the speed of social change consumers' buying patterns change, with an effective and competitive means of communication is an effort to find ads world. Characters have to maximize its own image, the character font used for the situation fits perfectly expressed in the formative Calligraphy differentiated pay plan as part of Calligraphy is considered. People feel in the hand by writing letters that can not be standardized as a strong symbol and symbolism, and the appeal and beauty, dynamic motion, mystery, and can be expressed. Design disciplines across all areas of Calligraphy extensive coverage, digital coolness of the hard preparation for the soft and warm lyricism analogue availability is required to meet contemporary needs. Media ads that emphasize the use of the Calligraphy emotional representation of the contents of the ads favorable to improve cognitive function, attention, recall of positive affect and, therefore, character-driven emotional expression as an art communications capabilities with one of the media is situated in the heart of the culture.