• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.321-329
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to examine the effects on emotional empathy given by type and degree of adolescent participation in recreational activities, and investigate the associated causal relationships. The following conclusions were obtained: First, analyzing the differences in emotional empathy based on demographic characteristics, the results statistically indicated emotional contagion is a subfactor of emotional empathy. Second, analyzing the differences based on participation type, the results statistically indicated emotional contagion is more influential than positive sharing and emotional intervention, which are sub-factors of emotional empathy. Third, analyzing the differences based on participation degree, the variables influencing participation frequency, participation time, and participation period were positive sharing and emotional contagion, rather than emotional intervention. Fourth, analyzing the causal relationship between participation degree and emotional empathy, the results revealed that participation degree affects positive sharing and emotional contagion, which are sub-factors of emotional empathy.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.83-93
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• 2006

Purpose: This study purposed on investigating how the emotional labor affects the physical uncomfortable feeling of the workers in the department store. Method: The method of data collection was used of questionnaire for 574 workers of one department store located in Seoul. The period of data collection was done from November 1, 2004 to November 30 for about one month. The working career of the participants was over one month at that department. Result: The degree of emotional labor for participants, men were $3.21{\pm}0.53$ for the total point of 5.0 point, and the degree of the physical uncomfortable feeling was $3.07{\pm}0.48$ for total of 5.0 point. The degree of emotional labor for participants, women were $3.22{\pm}0.42$ for the total point of 5.0 point, and the degree of the physical uncomfortable feeling was $3.13{\pm}0.42$ for total of 5.0 point. In order to analyze the factors that affected the emotional labor and physical uncomfortable feeling, the multi-level reflecting analysis was used. As a result, men were insecurity of job influenced the emotional labor feeling in remarkable degree, women were the responsibility of job influenced the emotional labor. Men were insecurity and responsibility of job influenced physical uncomfortable feeling in remarkable degree, women were responsibility of job and emotional labor influenced the physical uncomfortable feeling in remarkable degree. Conclusion: The results of this study show that various strategies to remove the factors of job insecurity in order to reduce the level of emotional labor of the workers at the department store should be devised. In addition, the special way to minimize the physical insecurity should be contrived and carried out. Since the workers of the department stores had higher emotional labor, the factors of stress need to be analyzed and should be removed.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.52-67
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• 1989

True nursing care means total nursing care which includes physical, emotional and spiritual care. The modern nursing care has tendency to focus toward physical care and needs attention toward emotional and spiritual care. The total nursing care is mandatory for patients with terminal cancer and for this purpose, hospice care became emerged. Hospice case originated from the place or shelter for the travellers to Jerusalem in medieval stage. However, the meaning of modem hospice care became changed to total nursing care for dying patients. Modern hospice care has been developed in England, and spreaded to U.S.A. and Canada for the patients with terminal cancer. Nowaday, it became a part of nursing care and the concept of hospice care extended to the palliative care of the cancer patients. Recently, it was introduced to Korea and received attention as model of total nursing care. This study was attempted to assess the efficacy of hospice care. The purpose of this study was to prove a difference in terms of physical, emotional a d spiritual aspect between the group who received hospice care and who didn't receive hospice care. The subject for this study were 113 patients with advanced cancer who were hospitalized in the S different hospitals. 67 patients received hospice care in 4 different hospitals, and 46 patients didn't receive hospice care in another 4 different hospitals. The method of this study was the questionaire which was made through the descriptive study. The descriptive study was made by individual contact with 102 patients cf advanced cancer for 9 months period. The measurement tool for questionaire was made by author through the descriptive study, and included the personal religious orientation obtained from chung(originated R. Fleck) and 5 emotional stages before dying from Kubler Ross. The content ol questionaire consisted in 67 items which included 11 for general characteristics, 10 for related condition with cancer, 13 for wishes far physical therapy, 13 for emotional reactions and 20 for personal religious orientation. Data for this study was collected from Aug. 25 to Oct. 6 by author and 4 other nurse's who received education and training by author for the collection of data. The collected data were ana lysed using descriptive statistics, $X^2-test$, t-test and pearson correlation coefficient. Results of the study were as follows: "H.C Group" means the group of patient with cancer who received hospice care. "Non H.C Group" means the group of patient with cancer who did not receive hospice care. 1. There is a difference between H.C Group and Non H.C Group in term of the number of physical symptoms, subjective degree of pain sensation and pain control, subjective beliefs in physical cure, emotional reaction, help of present emotional and spiritual care from other personal, needs of emotional and spiritual care in future, selection of treatment method by patients and personal religious orientation. 2. The comparison of H.C Group and Non H.C Group 1) There is no difference in wishes for physical therapy between two groups(p=.522). Among Non H.C Group, a group, who didn't receive traditional therapy and herb medicine was higher than a group who received these in degree of belief that the traditional therapy and herb medicine can cure their disease, and this result was higher in comparison to H.C Group(p=.025, p=.050). 2) Non H.C Group was higher than H.C Group in degree of emotional reaction(p=.050). H.C Group was higher than Non H.C Group in denial and acceptant stage among 5 different emotional stages before dying described by Kubler Ross, especially among the patient who had disease more than 13 months(p=.0069, p=.0198). 3) Non H.C Group was higher than H. C Group in demanding more emotional and spiritual care to doctor, nurse, family and pastor(p=. 010). 4) Non H.C Group was higher than H.C Group in demanding more emotional and spiritual care to each individual of doctor, nurse and family (p=.0110, p=.0029, P=. 0053). 5) H.C Group was higher th2.n Non H.C Group in degree of intrinsic behavior orientation and intrinsic belief orientation of personal religious orientation(p=.034, p=.026). 6) In H.C Group and Non H.C Group, the degree of emotional demanding of christians was significantly higher than non christians to doctor, nurse, family and pastor(p=. 000, p=.035). 7) In H.C Group there were significant positive correlations as following; (1) Between the degree of emotional demandings to doctor, nurse, family & pastor and: the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation in personal religious orientation(r=. 5512, p=.000). (2) Between the degree of emotional demandings to doctor, nurse. family & pastor and the degree of intrinsic belief orientation in personal religious orientation(r=.4795, p=.000). (3) Between the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation and the degree of intrinsic: belief orientation in personal religious orientation(r=.8986, p=.000). (4) Between the degree of extrinsic religious orientation and the degree of consensus religious orientation in personal religious orientation (r=. 2640, p=.015). In H.C. Group there were significant negative correlations as following; (1) Between the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation and extrinsic religious orientation in personal religious orientation (r=-.4218, p=.000). (2) Between the degree or intrinsic behavior orientation and consensus religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r=-. 4597, p=.000). (3) Between the degree of intrinsic belief orientations and the degree of extrinsic religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r=-.4388, p=.000). (4) Between the degree of intrinsic belief orientation and the degree of consensus religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r=-. 5424, p=.000). 8) In Non H.C Group there were significant positive correlation as following; (1) Between the degree of emotional demandings to doctor, nurse, family & pastor and the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation in personal religious orientation(r= .3566, p=.007). (2) Between the degree of emotional demandings to doctor, nurse, family & pastor and the degree of intrinsic belief orientation in personal religious orientation(r=.3430, p=.010). (3) Between the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation and the degree of intrinsic belief orientation in personal religious orientation(r=.9723, p=.000). In Non H.C Group there were significant negative correlation as following; (1) Between the degree of emotional demandings to doctor, nurse, family & pastor and the degree of extrinsic religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r= -.2862, p=.027). (2) Between the degree of intrinsic behavior orientation and the degree of extrinsic religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r=-. 5083, p=.000). (3) Between the degree of intrinsic belief orientation and the degree of extrinsic religious orientation in personal religious orientation(r=-. 5013, p=.000). In conclusion above datas suggest that hospice care provide effective total nursing care for the patients with terminal cancer, and hospice care is mandatory in all medical institutions.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.101-118
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• 2022

Purpose: This is a descriptive research study that aims to identify factors affecting fatigue by examining the degree of emotional labor, job stress, and fatigue of 119 emergency medical technicians (119 EMTs). The correlation between emotional labor, job stress, and fatigue was also confirmed. Methods: A total of 139 EMTs working in the Daejeon area participated in this study. Data were collected from July 6-15, 2021. Results: When the number of dispatches was high and the job was dissatisfying, the degree of emotional labor was high. In addition, the shorter the work experience and the lower the job satisfaction are, the higher the job stress is. The degree of fatigue was significantly higher in female than male 119 EMTs, and when they had short work experience and were dissatisfied with their job, the degree of fatigue was higher. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between emotional labor, job stress, and fatigue of the 119 EMTs. Conclusion: To reduce emotional labor, job stress, and fatigue of 119 EMTs, appropriate interventions for each factor and institutional improvements are required.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1-19
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• 2014

Efforts to identify user's recognition which exists in the big data are being conducted actively. They try to measure scores of people's view about products, movies and social issues by analyzing statements raised on Internet bulletin boards or SNS. So this study deals with the problem of determining how to find the emotional vocabulary and the degree of these values. The survey methods are using the results of previous studies for the basic emotional vocabulary and degree, and inferring from the dictionary's glosses for the extended emotional vocabulary. The results were found to have the 4 emotional words lists (vocabularies) as basic emotional list, extended 1 stratum 1 level list from basic vocabulary's glosses, extended 2 stratum 1 level list from glosses of non-emotional words, and extended 2 stratum 2 level list from glosses' glosses. And we obtained the emotional degrees by applying the weight of the sentences and the emphasis multiplier values on the basis of basic emotional list. Experimental results have been identified as AND and OR sentence having a weight of average degree of included words. And MULTIPLY sentence having 1.2 to 1.5 weight depending on the type of adverb. It is also assumed that NOT sentence having a certain degree by reducing and reversing the original word's emotional degree. It is also considered that emphasis multiplier values have 2 for 1 stratum and 3 for 2 stratum.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.565-578
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the emotional experience dimension on the brand of the low price cosmetics and to empirically investigate the effect of emotional experience on the relationship between customers and brand. Data were collected for 10 days starting on March $2^{nd}$ 2009. Questionnaires were distributed to 517 female college students who experienced to purchase the products of the low price cosmetic brand and answers were collected. The results of analysis on collected data showed that the emotional experience was classified into sense, spatial environmental emotion, sales promotion emotion, salesperson emotion and visual/verbal identity, and emotional experience on low price cosmetic brand had a positive effect on the relationship between customer and brand. Specifically, it was showed that emotional experience on low price cosmetic brand significantly affected the customer satisfaction, brand trust and brand attachment. In terms of effect of emotional experience on customer satisfaction, the orders in the degree of influence were following: the sense, spatial environmental emotion, sale promotion emotion and salesperson emotions. In terms of effect of emotional experience on brand trust, the orders in the degree of influence were following: the sense, salesperson emotions, sale promotion emotion and spatial environmental emotion. In terms of effect of emotional experience on brand attachment, the orders in the degree of influence were following: the sense, spatial environmental emotion, salesperson emotions, visual/verbal identity and sale promotion emotion.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.25-51
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• 2016

Objectives: This research started with the attempt to comprehend the relationship between household types and psychological stability by linking single-person households to the emotional index "depression." Method: For this purpose, we first compare to see if there is a difference in socio-demographic variables, social relationships, the degree of depression between single households and multi-person households, and to comprehend the relative influence that household types have on depression by taking other factors under consideration. Results: Then based on the results, we compare and analyze the factors that affect the degree of depression on single-person households and multi-person households, respectively. To summarize the results, first of all, residents in single-person households are somewhat older but show lower level of income, education, and health condition compared to peers inmulti-person households. They also had a consistently high level not only in the frequency of contact and emotional connection with families, relatives, and friends, but also in the degree of depression when compared to multi-person households. Secondly, for depression, considering the various factors targeting all the households, the following had a strong influence in the order of "health condition compared to peers," "emotional connection with family," "household types," "emotional connection with colleagues," "frequency of contact with neighbors," "gender," and "age."The degree of depression increases in the following conditions: if the health condition is worse, lower emotional connection with family, single-person household, lower emotional connection with colleagues, lower the frequency of contact with neighbors, female, and older the age. Thirdly, comparing the factors that affect depression by dividing single-person households and multi-person households, "health condition compared to peers" and "emotional connection with family" had the largest effect in common, respectively. In cases of living alone, regardless of other factors, the degree of depression increases with "health condition compared to peers" and "emotional connection with family." Conclusions: On the contrary, in multi-person households, "health condition compared to peers," "emotional connection with family," "emotional connection with colleagues," "income," and "gender" are important.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.148-155
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to understand the degree of clinical nurses' emotional labor that they perceive in the relationships with people related to their work. Methods: This study was a descriptive research, and its subjects were 167 nurses in five university hospitals located in B and Y city. The degree of emotional labor was measured with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Data were collected from April to May in 2015, and analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ and Games-Howell examination. Results: The score of the emotional labor of health care providers and visitors were higher than non-health care providers. Among health care providers, doctors had the highest emotional scores, and fellow nurse and nurses other departments were followed after that. Among visitors in hospital, patients and their family had the higher emotional labor scores than care givers. There was statistically significant difference in the emotional labor, according to the subjects' educational level, age, wages, job position, and working departments. Conclusion: Clinical nurses perceived emotional labor not only from the interaction with patients, but also from the interaction with the various other persons concerned such as health care providers, non-health care providers and visitors.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.63-74
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate types of well-being oriented consumption values that lead to well-being food consumption behaviors, as well as to identify the variables influence well-being food consumption. A survey of 579 women aged 20 or more was conducted through azoomma.com, an online portal site. The findings of the study were as follows: The level of well-being food consumption was above the mid-value for all categories, with the exception of food with added ingredients. In addttion, multiple regression analysis indicated that approximately 22.7% of the environmentally friendly foods consumed were chosen based on emotional value, degree of price perception and educational level. Conversely, 20.8% of the confectionaeries consumed were chosen based on emotional value, age, degree of price perception, average monthly income, and functional value. When food with added ingredients were considered 16.6% of those were chosen based on emotional value, social value, and degree of price perception. Finally, 29.3% of cereals and fish consumed were chosen based on emotional value, degree of family's health, and social value.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.57-72
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• 2012

The moderators that relieve negative effects of emotional labor have been studied such as job characteristics and situational variables. But as reviewing these studies, they focused on the degree of emotional on certain condition, there's no distinction between that degree and moderating effects. So we should focus on the moderating variables as a organizational involvement. In this study, I hypnotized the mediating effect of job stress between emotional labor and organizational effectiveness. Then I explored moderating role of 'fairness perception of emotional labor' and 'problem-focused stress coping'. This study tested these relationships using data from 166 employees of domestic security service company. From this data, I found that emotional labor increases job stress and job stress fully mediates the relationship between individual attitude(job satisfaction, turnover intention). And one who perceives display rule fairer, feels less job stress than who is not. Lastly, one who copes more problem-focused when he/she experiences job stress, have less negative effect on turnover intention.