• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2004

This paper presents the effect of methanol blended fuel on the engine performance and the reduction of exhaust emissions. In this wort, the combustion effects of methanol blended fuel in the engine was investigated for the conditions of three kinds of mixing ratios. Based on the experimental results, the output characteristics of the engine show the improvement of output performance due to the blended fuel of methanol. Also, the unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions are decreased in accordance with the increase of methanol blended ratio.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.55-68
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• 2013

It is necessary to evaluate the greenhouse gases (GHGs) reduction policy by central and regional governments to set up the suitable GHG emissions measures. Quantitative, qualitative and synthetic methods have been adopted by previous researches to estimate GHG reduction policy. However, these methods mostly focused on the results of the reduction policy, rather than understanding and fixing the integrated structures of GHG emissions. In this research, System Dynamics(SD) was applied to 1 million green homes program, self-carfree-day system and carbon point program. The results showed that SD analyses could be appliable for the estimation of GHG reduction policy by developing the feedback loops and dynamic simulation model. SD can be consider as a supplementary tool to estimate the GHG reduction policies through the recognition of the structure in complex real system.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.339-349
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• 2012

In order to clarify the impact of emissions reductions on the air quality over Metropolitan area of Korean Peninsula, several numerical experiment and analysis of integrated process rate(IPR) of ozone were carried out. Numerical models used in this study are WRF for the estimate the meteorological elements and CMAQ for assessment of ozone concentration. As result in the sensitive test of VOC/NOx reduction experiments, although VOC reduction tends to induce the different impact on the advection and photochemical reaction rate of ozone in urban area and rural area, the mechanism of ozone appeared to be more sensitive to the reduction of VOC than that of NOx over the metropolitan and its surround area. So the control of VOC emission inventories is an effective means to decrease the ozone concentrations around this area.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.69-80
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• 2023

Carbon neutrality in agriculture can be derived from systematic GHG reduction policies based on quantitative environmental impact analysis of GHG-emitting activities. This study is to explore how to advance the calculation of carbon emissions from agricultural activities to the detailed spatial level to a spatial Tier 3 level (Tier 2.5 level), methodologically beyond the Tier 2 approach. To estimate the GHG emissions beyond the Tier 2.5 level by region for detailed spatial units, we constructed available activity data on carbon emission impact factors such as rice cultivation, agricultural land use, and livestock. We also built and verified detailed data on emission activities at the field level through field surveys. The GHG emissions were estimated by applying the latest national emission factors and regional emission factors according to the IPCC 2019 GL based on the field-level activity data. This study has significance that it explored ways to build activity data and calculate GHG emissions through statistical data and field surveys based on parcels, one of the smallest spatial units for regional carbon reduction strategies. It is expected that by utilizing the activity data surveyed for each field and the emission factor considering the activity characteristics, it will be possible to improve the accuracy of GHG emission calculation and quantitatively evaluate the effect of applying reduction policies.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.45-64
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• 2022

Purpose - This paper examines South Korea's potential status as a carbon leakage country, and the level of risk posed by the Korean emissions trading scheme (ETS) for Korean industries. The economic effects of border carbon adjustments (BCAs) to protect energy-intensive Korean industries in the process of achieving the carbon reduction target by 2030 through the Korean ETS are also analyzed. Design/methodology - First, using the Korean Input-Output (IO) table, this paper calculates the balance of emissions embodied in trade (BEET) and the pollution terms of trade (PTT) to determine Korean industries' carbon leakage status. Analyses of the risk level posed by carbon reduction policy implementation in international trade are conducted for some sectors by applying the EU criteria. Second, using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, three BCA scenarios, exemption regulations (EXE), reimbursement (REB), and tariff reduction (TAR) to protect the energy-intensive industries under the Korean ETS are addressed. Compared to the baseline scenario of achieving carbon reduction targets by 2030, the effects of BCAs on welfare, carbon leakage, outputs, and trading are analyzed. Findings - As Korea's industrial structure has been transitioning from a carbon importing to a carbon leaking country. The results indicate that some industrial sectors could face the risk of losing international competitiveness due to the Korean ETS. South Korea's industries are basically exposed to risk of carbon leakage because most industries have a trade intensity higher than 30%. This could be interpreted as disproving vulnerability to carbon leakage. Although the petroleum and coal sector is not in carbon leakage, according to BEET and PTT, the Korean ETS exposes this sector to a high risk of carbon leakage. Non-metallic minerals and iron and steel sectors are also exposed to a high risk of carbon leakage due to the increased burden of carbon reduction costs embodied in the Korean ETS, despite relatively low levels of trade intensity. BCAs are demonstrated to have an influential role in protecting energy-intensive industries while achieving the carbon reduction target by 2030. The EXE scenario has the greatest impact on mitigation of welfare losses and carbon leakage, and the TAF scenario causes a disturbance in the international trade market because of the pricing adjustment system. In reality, the EXE scenario, which implies completely exempting energy-intensive industries, could be difficult to implement due to various practical constraints, such as equity and reduction targets and other industries; therefore, the REB scenario presents the most realistic approach and appears to have an effect that could compensate for the burden of economic activities and emissions regulations in these industries. Originality/value - This paper confirms the vulnerability of the Korean industrial the risk of carbon leakage, demonstrating that some industrial sectors could be exposed to losing international competitiveness by implementing carbon reduction policies such as the Korean ETS. The contribution of this paper is the identification of proposed approaches to protect Korean industries in the process of achieving the 2030 reduction target by analyzing the effects of BCA scenarios using a CGE model.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.129-136
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• 2017

Climate change is the biggest environmental issue of our times. A variety of activities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have been in progress to observe the Kyoto Protocol. Especially, the Energy Target Scheme is created to reduce greenhouse emission with the supervision of Korean government. This includes Green-house Gas Information Systems to promote activities in the private sector to reduce green-house gas emissions, to cut a cost of energy use, and to reduce GHG emissions. Also, the system has calculated the amount of greenhouse gases. Without any additional investment, 2.75% savings are increased over the previous year. In service sector, a cooperation of customers and employees is necessary. A reduction of GHG emissions requires a proper service organization, considering an amount of investment and payback period. Without any additional investment or replacement, employees can save energy easily turning off ventilation systems an hour before employees' departure, installing timers to turn off water purifiers and vending machines after some period of no use. The Green-house Gas Information System is similar to that of Environmental Management System. However, the Excel is the best program to calculate an amount of green-house gas emissions, and to assess for a reduced amount of GHG emissions. A goal of this research is to propose a practical method in the private sector to calculate an amount of green-house gases. The Green-house gas Information System based on Excel spreadsheet gives standards for good evaluation. The greenhouse gas information system establishes and executes the policies and objectives related to greenhouse gas emissions Similar to ISO 14001 environment management system structures, the advantages of using simplified Excel Sheet for calculating GHG emissions and reducing GHG emissions are easy to access.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1465-1481
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• 2011

The accuracy of ozone sensitivity coefficients estimated with HDDM (High-order Decoupled Direct Method) can vary depending on the $NO_x$ (Nitrogen Oxides) and VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) conditions. In order to evaluate the applicability of HDDM over the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) during a high ozone episode in 2007 June, we compare BFM (Brute Force Method) and HDDM in terms of the $1^{st}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient to explain ozone change in response to changes in NOx and VOC emissions, and the $2^{nd}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient to represent nonlinear response of ozone to the emission changes. BFM and HDDM estimate comparable ozone sensitivity coefficients, exhibiting similar spatial and temporal variations over the SMAduring the episode. NME (Normalized Mean Error) between BFM and HDDM for the episode average $1^{st}$- and $2^{nd}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficients to NOx and VOC emissions are less than 3% and 9%, respectively. For the daily comparison, NME for the $1^{st}$- and $2^{nd}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficients are less than 4% ($R^2$ > 0.96) and 15% ($R^2$ > 0.90), respectively. Under the emission conditions used in this study, two methods show negative episode average $1^{st}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient to $NO_x$ emissions over the core SMA. The $2^{nd}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient to $NO_x$ emissions leads ozone to respond muchnonlinear to the reduction in $NO_x$ emissions over Seoul. Nonlinear ozone response to reduction in VOC emissions is mitigated due to the $2^{nd}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient which is much smaller than the $1^{st}$-order ozone sensitivity coefficient to the emissions in the magnitude.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2013

Hydrogen-dimethy ether(DME) partially premixed compression ignition(PCCI) engine combustion was investigated in a single cylinder compression ignition engine. Hydrogen and DME were used as low carbon alternative fuels to reduce green house gases and pollutant. Hydrogen was injected at the intake manifold with an injection pressure of 0.5 MPa at fixed injection timing, $-210^{\circ}CA$ aTDC. DME was injected directly into the cylinder through the common-rail injection system at injection pressure of 30 MPa. DME inejction timing was varied to find the optimum PCCI combustion to reduce CO, HC and NOx emissions. When DME was injected early, CO and HC emissions were high while NOx emission was low. As the DME injection was retarded, the CO and HC emissions were decreased due to high combustion efficiency. NOx emissions were increased due to the high in-cylinder temperature. When DME were injected at $-30^{\circ}CA$ aTDC, reduction of HC, CO and NOx emissions was possible with high value of IMEP.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Advanced Composite Structures
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2016

There are only 10 projects of the domestic greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions trading scheme in building sector (i.e., 1.5% of 652 registered projects) because the certified methodologies to reduce GHG emissions can not be applied to building sector. This study presents remodeling techniques to reduce GHG emissions in existing buildings. First of all, preconditions and related regulations were reviewed. And then, a pool of factors for GHG reduction are selected and evaluated with respect to factors for reducing energy consumption. This study also investigates the criteria and the decision making process for remodeling techniques to reduce GHG emissions. Finally, the remodeling techniques using the decision making process were grouped based on redundancy of each effect. If reducing methodologies for GHG offset program can be developed using the analyzed remodeling techniques in this study, registered projects in building sector would be increase.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1238-1246
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• 1998

Recently, the automobile industry has been faced with very serious problems related to the very restricted regulations of exhaust gas emissions. Therefore many researchers have been attracted to the development of oxygenated fuel for a solution to these problems. This paper deals with the effects of oxygenated fuel on exhaust emissions. An experimental study was conducted to investigate PM and $NO_X$ emission using dimethyl carbonate as an oxygenated fuel in a naturally aspirated DI diesel engine. With increased oxygenated fuel amounts. there were significant reductions in PM, HC and CO emissions mainly from depressed thermal cracking. while little increase in $NO_X$ was encountered concurrently. The effective reduction in PM with oxygenated fuel was maintained with the presence of $CO_2$. which suggested low $NO_X$ and PM obtained from the combination of using oxygenated fuel and cooled EGR. Thermal cracking and an analysis of the heat release rate were also studied in the experiment.