• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.1022-1028
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• 2005

The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the environmental load of two different concentrate feed supply systems to the Japanese domestic livestock industry using the Life-cycle Assessment (LCA) method. The current system was defined as that requiring 11.469 million tons of corn imported from the US by sea transport and supplied as concentrate feed to the Japanese domestic livestock industry. The new system proposed by Kaku et al. in 2004 was defined as where 802,830 tons of US imported corn would not be planted in US and would be replaced by barley planted in 278 thousand ha of Japanese domestic land left fallow for the past year. In this case, 909,000 tons of domestic harvest barley would have been supplied as concentrate feed to the Japanese domestic livestock industry in 2000. The activities taken into account within the two system boundaries were three stages: concentrate feed production, feed transportation and gas emission from the soil by chemical fertilizer. Finished compost was regarded as organic fertilizer and was put instead of chemical fertilizers within the system boundary. Adoption of this new concentrate feed supply system by the Japanese domestic livestock industry could reduce 78,462 tons $CO_2$-equivalents of global warming potential, 347 tons $SO_2$-equivalents of acidification potential, 54 tons $PO_4$-equivalents of eutrophication potential and 0.842 million GJ as energy consumption below 2,000 levels. This LCA study comparing two Japanese domestic livestock concentrate feed supply systems showed that the stage of feed transport contributed most to global warming and the stage of emission from the soil contributed most to acidification and eutrophication. The Japanese domestic livestock industry could participate in emissions trading with $CO_2$-equivalents reduced by shifting from some imported US corn as a concentrate feed to domestic barley planted in land left fallow. In that case the Japanese government could launch emissions trading in accordance with Kyoto Protocol in the future.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.576-586
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• 2019

파리협정 및 ICAO CORSIA 시행으로 우리나라의 온실가스 의무감축목표가 강화된 만큼 국내선과 국제선의 항공기에서 배출되는 배출량 감축을 위한 항공사들의 전략적 대응은 절실해 보인다. 본 논문은 국내 항공운송산업에서 항공사들이 온실가스 배출량 감축을 위하여 다양한 노력을 기울임에도 불구하고 어떠한 제도적 문제점을 갖고 있는지 살펴보고, 향후 어떠한 방향으로 나아가야 하는지에 대해 논의하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 국내항공사들은 지난 3년간 배출량은 약 551만 KAU였던 반면 할당량은 약 485만 KAU에 불과하여 실제 할당량 대비 약 116% 온실가스가 배출되었고 이로 인해 국내 항공사들에는 약 107억 원의 추가 비용 부담이 발생하는 결과가 초래되었다. 둘째, 항공사들은 국내선뿐만 아니라 국제선 노선에서도 할당량 과부족에 따라 초과 배출량을 상쇄시키기 위해 초과할당량 유상 구매가 증가하게 되어 항공사의 추가비용 부담이 불가피한 전망이다. 셋째, 항공사들은 배출권거래제에 따른 전략적 대응으로 대규모 투자를 통한 친환경 고효율 항공기의 조기도입을 검토 중이나 천문학적인 비용이 투입되기 때문에 장기투자의 관점에서 점진적으로 추진할 수밖에 없다. 또한 항공사들은 엔진 세척, ULD 및 카트 경량화, 플랩 사용 확대 및 APU 사용 억제 등의 전략적 대응방안들을 적극 시행하고 있지만 단기적으로는 감축 여력이 극히 제한적인 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.157-165
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• 2009

Forests potentially contribute to global climate change through their influence on the global carbon (C) cycle. The Kyoto Protocol provides for the involvement of developing countries in an atmospheric greenhouse gas reduction regime under its Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Carbon credits are gained from reforestation and afforestation activities in developing countries. Bangladesh, a densely populated tropical country in South Asia, has a huge degraded forestland, which can be reforested by CDM projects. To realize the potential of the forestry sector in developing countries like Bangladesh for full-scale emission mitigation, the carbon sequestration potential should be integrated with the carbon trading system under the CDM of the Kyoto Protocol. This paper discusses the prospects of carbon trading in Bangladesh, in relation to the CDM, in the context of global warming.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.18-26
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• 2014

A microgrid can play a significant role for enlargement of renewable energy sources and emission reduction because it is a network of small, distributed electrical power generators operated as a collective unit. In this paper, an application of optimization method to economical operation of a microgrid is studied. The microgrid to be studied here is composed of distributed generation system(DGS), battery systems and loads. The distributed generation systems include combined heat and power(CHP) and small generators such as diesel generators and the renewable energy generators such as photovoltaic(PV) systems, wind power systems. Both of thermal loads and electrical loads are included here as loads. Also the emissions trading scheme to be applied in near future, the cost of unit start-up and the operational characteristics of battery systems are considered as well as the probabilistic characteristics of the renewable energy generation and load. A mathematical equation for optimal operation of this system is modeled based on the mixed integer programming. It is shown that this optimization methodology can be effectively used for economical operation of a microgrid by the case studies.

• 무역학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.115-130
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• 2022

In this study, I focus on analyzing how the effects of implementing ETS are different depending on whether Korean ETS linking with carbon markets in other countries. The global computable general equilibrium (CGE) model built in this study analyzes the chages in the production and trade of industrial sectors according to the international linkage of ETS compared to the reference scenario of emissions reduction targets and implementation of ETS. From the analysis of internatioanl linkage of carbon markets scenarios, Annex B countries-South Korea carbon market linkage with individual ETS in China worse the economic outcomes in South Korea the most. This means South Korea lose the international competitiveness compared to China in this scenario. On the other hand, Annex B-China carbon market linkage with Korean individual ETS implementation reduce the decreases in production and trading. The most effective way is to join a global emissions trading market with China. The results are consistent in most industries of South Korea. These results are caused by that the supply of emission allowance is increased and the price of emissions allowances is dropped by China's participation to the carbon market, which can be understood to reduce the carbon reduction cost for industrial sectors. In addition, it can be also concluded that the determinant of the negative impact of ETS on changes in production and trade is more sensitive to the price of emissions allowances than to the characteristics of production and trade structure.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.453-460
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential quantity of Korean Offset Credits (KOC) resulting from Certified Emission Reductions (CER) in 98 domestic Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects that were registered with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as of the end of 2016. Our results show that the total amount of potential KOC is 62,774 kt CO2eq. The potential KOC is only 23.4% of the total CER Issuance. During the first phase, this will be 3.2% of the allocated volume. This is because many projects are related to Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), HFC-23, and adipic acid N2O. There is a strong bias in some sectors and projects which could act as market distortion factors. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the target CDM project and activate non CDM offset projects. RPS projects bring fundamental changes to the energy sector, and it is worth reconsidering their acceptability. A wide variety of policy incentives are needed to address strong biases toward certain sectors and projects. The offset scheme has the advantage of allowing entities to reduce their GHG emissions cost effectively through a market mechanism as well as enabling more entities to participate in GHG reduction efforts both directly and indirectly. In contrast, having an inadequate offset scheme range and size might decrease the effort on GHG reduction or concentrate available resources on specific projects. As such, it is of paramount importance to design and operate the offset scheme in such a way that it reflects the situation of the country.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2020년도 봄 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.44-45
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• 2020

Korea has the fourth highest CO₂ emission among OECD countries in 2018, As of 2019, total greenhouse gas emissions per capita increased by about 98.2% in comparison to 1990. Korea has promised a 37% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 from the projected Paris Climate Change Accord. Currently, many countries use the emissions trading system(ETS) for international carbon management. In 2015, ETS has been implemented in Korea, and the importance of calculating CO₂ emissions from construction machinery has increased. So, we require an accurate calculation of the environmental charges through the allocated CERs. Using the CER price and related search keywords, this paper derive about prediction models of CER price and compare and focus on more accurate prediction about CER price. By this method, the budget needed to establish the initial construction process plan can be calculated based on more accurate predicted CER price.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.720-730
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• 2016

Greenhouse-gas emission factors are widely used to estimate emissions arising from a defined unit of a specific activity. Such estimates are used both for international reporting to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and for myriad national and sub-national reporting purposes (for example, European Union Emissions Trading Scheme; EU ETS). As with the other so-called 'Kyoto protocol GHGs', the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a methodology for national and sub-national estimation of $N_2O$ emissions, based on the sector from which the emissions arise. The objective of this study was to develop a integrated emission factor to estimate the direct $N_2O$ emission from an agricultural field cultivated with the red pepper, soy bean, spring cabbage, autumn cabbage and potato in 2010~2012. Emission factor of $N_2O$ calculated using accumulated $N_2O$ emission, N fertilization rate, and background $N_2O$ emission over three year experiment was $0.00596{\pm}0.001337kg$ $N_2O-N(N\;kg)^{-1}$. More extensive studies need to be conducted to develop $N_2O$ emission factors for other upland crops in the various regions of Korea because $N_2O$ emission is influenced by many factors including climate characteristics, soil properties, and agricultural practices.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.261-290
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• 2022

국내 배출권 시장에서는 시장안정화 조치 발동에도 불구하고 배출권 가격의 불확실성 문제가 지속적으로 대두되고 있다. 그리고 2021년 10월 정부가 발표한 2030 감축목표 상향안을 고려해볼 때 배출권 가격의 불확실성 완화를 위한 실질적인 대안 마련의 필요성이 높아지고 있다. 본 연구는 배출권 시장의 가격 불확실성 완화 수단인 가격상하한제가 배출량과 감축비용에 미치는 정량적인 영향을 살펴본다. 분석을 위한 주요 시나리오는 탄소세, 배출권거래제, 가격상하한제하 배출권거래제 3가지로 구분되며, 배출량 불확실성을 반영하기 위해 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 기반으로 비교 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다: 1) 상하한제 도입 시에는 다른 시나리오 대비 현저히 낮은 감축비용으로 배출목표를 달성할 수 있다. 상향된 감축목표에서는 0.1%의 초과배출이 발생할 수 있으나 상하한 간격이 넓은 경우 안정적인 목표달성이 가능하다. 2) 이월을 제한할수록 감축비용은 상승한다. 이는 이월 제한 정책이 기간 간 효율성을 저해하여 비용효과적인 감축을 어렵게 만들기 때문이다. 3) 상하한제하에서 정부의 배출권 순구매량이 발생해도 순수입은 양이 될 수 있다. 정부는 배출권을 상한가에서 판매하고 하한가에서 구매하기 때문이다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제46권
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• pp.265-313
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• 2010

Kyoto Protocol is an international convention on concrete performance program for UNFCCC(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), which regulate and prevent to global warming and officially came into effect on February 16, 2005. Kyoto flexible mechanisms, the agreed environmental system in March 1997 in the Third Conference of Parties in UNFCCC General Assembly, Emission Trading System(ETS), Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) and Joint Implementation(JI), are key policies related to environment. In advanced countries, greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced average 5.2% level compared to 1990 in total emissions during 2008-2012. World leading carbon market finished the trial on the EU ETS I greenhouse gas emissions trading system, EU ETS II is operated regularly after 2008. World Bank leads to make 'Prototype Carbon Fund(PCF)' in April 2004, which is the world first carbon fund and a representative public carbon fund type, World Bank operate various funds including present PCF. Thus, I would like to propose as follows in relation to this study: First, in the validity analysis of carbon funds, it would be needed to analyze the Emission Reduction Cost Efficiency(ERCE) of carbon. The ERCE is a break-even value which brings the Net Present Value(NPV) to zero. NPV approach is used among projects and it enables potential projects to be compared and evaluated the ERCE on the basis of the net present value of net future cash flows. Therefore, according to results of analysis, carbon funds should be developed and invested. Second, it would be necessary to allow of issuing bonds together with carbon funds, carbon finance etc. Third, carbon funds, it would be reasonable to have a relatively enough maturity in project and as a financial derivatives in the international financial markets, it is needed various types of transactions. Fourth, it would be needed to standardize the carbon emissions trading for more efficiently. Fifth, it would be necessary to establish and invest in various kinds of domestic and overseas global carbon funds, including governments, privates, governments and privates sectors. And it is also needed to establish the medium and long term plans for carbon funds. Sixth, it would be needed to foster the advanced trade mechanisms for carbon funds in the most effective ways. Finally, carbon funds should be used in harmony with international societies to reduce global warming as the social responsible investing funds and it should be contribute to sustainable development. In addition, it would seem that carbon funds should be studied on establishing the contributable standard of sustainable development in the future assignment.