• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.53-60
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to emphasize the importance of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation. This resuscitation by paramedic is very effectively performed under the medical direction of the doctors. Methods: The cardiac arrest victim was 4 month old infant. Informed consent from the parents of the infant was received. CPR combined with 150J defibrillation was performed to the 4 month old infant. Results: We reported that the 4 month old infant survived the cardiac arrest. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest infant survived after 150J automated external defibrillator and CPR performance. Conclusion: Specific operative protocol is important because the paramedic can apply the proper manual defibrillator effectively. It is important to extend the work scpoe of the EMT.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.19-32
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• 2004

This study was conducted to identify an initial fire station experience of EMT students, so to better understand their' practice experience in fire station. The subjects were 28 EMT students of C department of Emergency Medical technology in C city, who were demonstrating at the fire station in C city. This study was approached by phenomenological method, collected data were analyzed by Colaizzi's method, the results were as a follows. From the protocol, 201 significant statements were organized into 93 formulated meanings. From the formulated meanings, 30 themes were identified, organized into 16 theme clusters, and then 7 categories. EMT students got experienced 'tension' in resulting from new training situation and at the field practice, 'comport and gratitude', in feeling of identity and a bond sympathy with senior EMT, in training environment and heartfelt care, 'stress' from lack of knowledge and skill, difficulties in field practice for 24 hours, in dealing with making interpersonal relationship with patient and staffs and from the insufficiency of instruction, 'confidence feeling' from the participation of field treatment, in improving of learning, in self-esteem of EMT job, 'confusing feeling' of conflict of the path in work, 'disappointment and doubt' by the discrepancy between learning and actuality, and disappointment of actuality, 'feeling of lack' based on the passive attitude. The results of this study are to use as basic data for students attending fire station experience for the first time.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.399-410
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the incidence of blood hemolysis and repeated blood sampling and to identify factors contributing to hemolysis and repeated blood sampling in the emergency department. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive design was used. Participants were the patients who came to emergency department and are required a blood sampling for electrolyte level. All blood samples were collected by emergency department nurses and determined for hemolysis by experienced laboratory technologists. Data were analyzed using $x^2$-test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney u test and Binary Logistic Regression to determine significant differences. Results: A total of 402 valid samples were collected. Of these, 30 blood samples (7.5%) were found to be hemolyzed and 9 (2.2%) to be recollected. Statistically significant factors affecting on hemolysis and repeated blood sampling included the time of bloods sampling (night), the time of tourniquet application, and too-fast blood draw into the test tube. Conclusion: We recommend that nurses who take the blood sampling to consider the findings of the study and take the related factors into account as they set up the standardized care protocol in order for nursing quality improvement.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2018

An overdose of antihypertensive agents, such calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARBs), and the antihyperglycemic agent, metformin, leads to hypotension and lactic acidosis, respectively. A 40-year-old hypertensive and diabetic man with hyperlipidemia and a weight of 110 kg presented to the emergency room with vomiting, dizziness, and hypotension following an attempted drug overdose suicide with combined CCBs, ARBs, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coemzyme A reductase inhibitors, and metformins. A conventional medical treatment initially administered proved ineffective. The treatment was then changed to simultaneous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), which was effective. This shows that simultaneous ECMO and CRRT can be an effective treatment protocol in cases of ineffective conventional medical therapy for hypotension and lactic acidosis due to an overdose of antihypertensive agents and metformin, respectively.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.1225-1230
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• 2015

MAC protocol for WBAN performs CSMA/CA(:Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance)algorithm that handles traffic which occurs in emergency with top priority in order to deal with variable data of sensor node for medicine. Emergency message that node sends undergoes collision and delay of transmission by retransmission of emergency message and waste of energy by retransmission. This paper suggests algorithm that minimizes loss of frame caused by collision and applies different backoff parameters by setting order of priority between MAC instruction frame and data frame in CSMA/CA algorithm case which applies order of priority queuing to improve aforementioned problem. According to performance evaluation, it has been found that using suggested MAC protocol showed lower collision probability, higher packet transmission processing ratio and lower packet loss compared with using IEEE 802.15.6.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.80-87
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• 2013

This paper proposes a CW (Contention window) allocation scheme for real-time data transmission of emergency data on VANET (Vehicle to vehicle Ad hoc Network, V2V) protocol. The proposed scheme reduces the probability of packet collisions on V2V protocol and provides bandwidth efficiency with short delay of emergency sporadic data. In the case of high density traffic, the proposed scheme provides a decrease of recollision probability using dynamic CW adjustments. For the performance analysis, a throughput, end-to-end delays, and network loads were investigated on highway traffic. Simulation results show the performance enhancements in terms of the throughput, end-to-end delays, and network loads.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.43 no.9 s.351
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• pp.88-98
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• 2006

VANET has several different characteristics from MANET such as high mobility of nodes and frequent change of node density and network topology. Due to these characteristics, the network topology based protocol, often used in MANET, can not be applied to VANET. In this paper, we propose an emergency warning message broadcast protocol using range based relay node selecting algorithm which determines the minimal waiting time spent by a given node before rebroadcasting the received warning message. Because the time is randomly calculated based on the distance between sender node and receiver node, a node chosen as a relay node is assured to have a minimal waiting time, even though it is not located at the border of radio transmission range. The proposed emergency warning message broadcast protocol has low network traffic because it does not need to exchange control messages for message broadcasting. In addition, it can reduce End-to-End delay under circumstances of low node density and short transmission range in VANET.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1589-1598
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• 2014

To support the WBAN, IEEE 802.15 Task Group 6 announced standardized documents on technical requirements of the PHY and MAC. In the IEEE 802.15.6 MAC protocol, CSMA/CA(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) algorithm is performed based on the eight-level priorities according to the type of traffics of the periodic data from medical sensor nodes. Several nodes, which detected the changed bio signals, transmit emergency data at the same time, so latency could be higher than emergency latency and energy consumption will increase. In this thesis, we proposed a CSMA/CA algorithm in WBAN to solve these problems. Simulations are performed using a Castalia based on the OMNeT++ network simulation framework to estimate the performance of the proposed superframe and algorithms. Performance evaluation results show that the packet transmission success rate and energy efficiency are improved by reducing the probability of collision using the proposed MAC protocol.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.148-157
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• 2019

Objective: To evaluate the current status of managing adverse reactions to iodinated contrast media (ICM) for computed tomography in referral hospitals in South Korea compared with hospitals in other countries. Materials and Methods: This survey investigation involved 59 Korean and 15 overseas hospitals using guideline-based questionnaires consisting of 24 items in 7 main categories related to managing adverse reactions to ICM. Results: Informed written consent with risk factor evaluation was appropriately performed in most of the Korean hospitals. There was considerable variability in assessing renal function across the hospitals; serum creatinine level was used as a reference in 76.4% of Korean hospitals. The Korean hospitals preferred a more stringent approach to determining normal renal function (p = 0.01), withholding metformin (p = 0.01), and fasting before ICM exposure (p < 0.001) compared with overseas hospitals. All the Korean hospitals had an emergency protocol and in-hospital system for adverse reactions to ICM. The Korean (87.7%) and overseas hospitals (100%) were similarly equipped with epinephrine (p = 0.332), but only 38.6% of Korean hospitals were equipped with a bronchodilator (p = 0.004). For patients with a previous hypersensitivity reaction to ICM, 62.3% of Korean hospitals pre-medicated with anti-histamine and corticosteroid according to the severity of the previous reaction, and changed the culprit ICM in 52.8%, while skin test was performed in 17%. Conclusion: In general, Korean referral hospitals were well-prepared regarding informed consent, protocol, and an in-hospital system for managing adverse reactions to ICM. Nevertheless, there was considerable variability in details and management, thus requiring standardization by reflecting current guidelines.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular manifestations and clinical course in patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted over a 36 month period on consecutive patients who visited an emergency medical center and were diagnosed with acute carbon monoxide poisoning. A standardized data extraction protocol was performed on the selected patients. Results: A total of 293 patients were selected during the study period. Cardiac manifestations were observed in 35.2% (n=103) of the patients: hypotension in 11 patients (3.8%), ECG abnormalities in 44 patients (15.0%) and cardiac enzyme abnormalities in 103 patients (35.2%). Echo cardiography was performed on 56 patients with cardiac toxicity: 12 patients had abnormal results (5 patients with global hypokinesia and 7 patients with regional wall akinesia). Five patients died within 3 hours after ED admission, and the remaining patients were discharged alive. At 3 months after discharge, none of these patients had died.The SOFA scores in the severe cardiac toxicity group and non-severe cardiac toxicity group at the time of arrival were $2.53{\pm}2.29$ and $2.19{\pm}2.12$, respectively (p=0.860). Conclusion: Cardiovascular manifestations occur after acute CO poisoning at arateof 35.2%. Even those with severe cardiovascular toxicity recovered well within 10 days after admission. Therefore, the importance of cardiac toxicity after acute CO poisoning is not significant in itself in the clinical course, and the short-term prognosis of cardiac toxicity is unlikely to be unfavorable in acute CO poisoning.