• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.593-602
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• 2022

The human papillomavirus (HPV)-18 E7 (E7) oncoprotein is a major transforming protein that is thought to be involved in the development of cervical cancer. It is well-known that E7 stimulates tumour development by inactivating pRb. However, this alone cannot explain the various characteristics acquired by HPV infection. Therefore, we examined other molecules that could help explain the acquired cancer properties during E7-induced cancer development. Using the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) method, we found that the Elk-1 factor, which is crucial for cell proliferation, invasion, cell survival, anti-apoptotic activity, and cancer development, binds to the E7. By determining which part of E7 binds to which domain of Elk-1 using the Y2H method, it was found that CR2 and CR3 of the E7 and parts 1-206, including the ETS-DNA domain of Elk-1, interact with each other. As a result of their interaction, the transcriptional activity of Elk-1 was increased, thereby increasing the expression of target genes EGR-1, c-fos, and E2F. Additionally, the colony forming assay revealed that overexpression of Elk-1 and E7 promotes C33A cell proliferation. We expect that the discovery of a novel E7 function as an Elk-1 activator could help explain whether the E7 has novel oncogenic activities in addition to p53 inactivation. We also expect that it will offer new methods for developing improved strategies for cervical cancer treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.709-715
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• 2016

The objective of the research was to determine the chemical composition as well as the physicochemical properties of the longissimus muscle from Korean entire and castrate elk. Twelve elk stags were raised and fed on concentrate with ad libitum hay. All animals were equally divided into castrated and non-castrated (entire) males, and slaughtered at 5 year of age. It was found that entire elk, in comparison with castrate elk, had higher content of moisture and lower content of fat (p<0.05). Compared with entire males, the castrates had lower pH and shear force values (p<0.05). However, castrates had higher $L^*$, $a^*$, and $b^*$ values compared with entires (p<0.05). An analysis of the fatty acid profile revealed that the muscles of entire and castrate elk had the most abundant concentrations of the following fatty acids: palmitic acid (C16:0) of the saturated fatty acid, and oleic acid (C18:1n-9) of the unsaturated fatty acid. The entire elk contains higher proportions of linoleic acid (C18:3n6), eicosenoic acid (C20:1n9), and arachidonic acid (C20:4n6) (p<0.05). Cholesterol content in elk was not affected by castration. The predominant free amino acid was glutamic acid related to umami taste. It is apparent that the castrate animals carried higher content of histidine, isoleucine, and leucine than those of the entire group (p<0.05). In this study, it was concluded that venison quality of elk is affected by castration and these results can provide fundamental information for venison production.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.159-165
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• 2013

Objectives Mechanisms of clinical synergistic effects, induced by co-treatments of lithium and valproate, are unclear. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) has been suggested to play important roles in mechanisms of the action of mood stabilizers. In this study, effects of co-treatments of lithium and valproate on the ERK1/2 signal pathway and its down-stream transcription factors, ELK1 and C-FOS, were investigated in vitro. Methods PC12 cells, human pheochromocytoma cells, were treated with lithium chloride (30 mM), valproate (1 mM) or lithium chloride + valproate. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was analyzed with immunoblot analysis. Transcriptional activities of ELK1 and C-FOS were analyzed with reporter gene assay. Results Single treatment of lithium and valproate increased the phosphorylation of ERK and transcriptional activities of ELK1 and C-FOS, respectively. Combined treatments of lithium and valproate induced more robust increase in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and transcriptional activities of ELK1 and C-FOS, compared to those in response to single treatment of lithium or valproate. Conclusions Co-treatments of lithium and valproate induced synergistic increase in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and transcriptional activities of its down-stream transcription factors, ELK1 and C-FOS, compared to effects of single treatment. The findings might suggest potentiating effects of lithium and valproate augmentation treatment strategy.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.3-9
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• 2024

Currently, cyberattacks and security threats are constantly evolving, and organizations need quick and efficient security response methods. This paper proposes ways to strengthen internal network security by utilizing Unified Threat Management (UTM) equipment to improve network security and effectively manage and analyze the log data of the internal network collected through these equipment using Elastic Stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana, hereinafter referred to as ELK Stack).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.57 no.11
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• pp.39.1-39.5
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• 2015

The effects of castration time on growth and carcass traits of elk bulls were investigated. Twelve bulls at 5 years old were raised and fed on concentrate with ad libitum hay. All animals were allocated randomly to each of four treatment groups (3 heads/group). Groups of each treatment were castrated surgically in March, April or June and managed together with non-castration (entire) treatment. All elk bulls in the trial were slaughtered at same time. Growth parameters, carcass yield and composition were recorded. The total gain and average daily gain was higher when castrated in April (p < 0.05). The entire elk produced heaviest and highest in saddle and brisket portions (p < 0.05). It is apparent that the castrate animals carried more total fat weight and percentages than the entire males (p < 0.05). It was found that loin muscles from non-castrated elk, in comparison with those from castrated one, had higher content of moisture and lower content of fat (p < 0.05). In this study, growth parameters, carcass yields and chemical composition were greatly affected by castration time.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2023

Rectal prolapse is encountered in all domestic animal species but clinical report regarding the condition in the elk is limited. A 10-year-old elk bull weighing 400 kg was referred to the Large Animal Hospital of Kyungpook National University with clinical signs including intermittent tenesmus related to rectal prolapse and anorexia for the previous 5 days. Type II rectal prolapse was diagnosed based on the history and clinical signs. An emergency resection and anastomosis including a purse string suture was performed under general intravenous (IV) anesthesia in field to prevent injury of the patient and the staff. The patient recovered uneventfully after the surgery without excitement. A systemic antibiotic and an anti-inflammatory drug were given to prevent postoperative complication and relieve pain. The follow up on the patient after 4 weeks of the surgery showed that the prolapse recurred due to intermittent straining after 2 weeks of the surgery. The patient was on the glucocorticoid for the following 3 days but was finally euthanized owing to the exacerbation of the prolapse 1 week after the recurrence. This report describes a rare case of rectal prolapse in an elk bull and the clinical outcome of the surgical repair in detail.

• Korean Deer Journal
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• v.7 no.3 s.41
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• pp.125-127
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• 2002

이번호에는 캐나다의 앨버타엘크협회(The Alberta Elk Association, AEA)를 소개한다. 캐나다 내에서도 많은 협회가 있지만 그 중에서도 2000년도 제1회 ASPT(국제녹용심포지엄)이 성공적으로 열린바 있는 곳이 앨버타주로 여기에 앨버타엘크협회가 있다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.177-181
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• 2020

Data on the crude protein requirements of elk doe are nonexistent and the data are essential for their management in Korea. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the crude protein requirement for maintenance of elk doe. Three female elk deer were used in 3 × 3 Latin square design with three diets containing three levels of crude protein (CP) that contained low crude protein (approximately 12%), medium crude protein (15%), and high crude protein (18%). Each three elk doe trials included a 14-day preliminary period and a 5-day collection period. Crude protein intake was 4.83, 6.26, and 9.00 g/d for 12%, 15%, and 18% of CP level, respectively. Crude protein balances were 1.04, 1.41, and 4.14 for 12%, 15%, and 18% of CP level, respectively. The maintenance requirement for CP from the regression equation between CP intake and CP balance were 3.70 g/BW^0.75.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.101-104
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• 1983

Authors encountered a case of elk babesiosis in Daegu, Korea. The main symptoms observed before the death of the patient were elevated rectal temperature, severe degree of hemoglobinuria, icterus and recumbency. Hematologically, the erythrocyte count was 1.93 million per cu.mm 11% of which were infected with Babesia. Most(88%) of the protozoa were spherical or vacuolated ring form in shape, resembling B. bovis. However, the sizes (0.98-2.85) were slightly smaller than the latter. About 7% of the protozoa were vacuolated oval, the size of which varied from $2.06{\sim}2.95{\times}1.08{\sim}1.97$ ($2.53{\times}1.51$ in average). The remaining 5% were irregular in shape. Pear-shaped were scarcely observed. A three-gears-old Korean native cattle was inoculated subcutaneously with the elk's blood. However, no evidence of susceptibility was observed until 30 days postinoculation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.905-912
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• 2005

The study was conducted to determine the effects of hormone injection on casting day of antler, velvet antler yield, and blood hormone concentration in elk deer and Sika deer. The study revealed that the casting day of Elk and Sika deer at medroxy progesterone acetate(MPA) injection averaged 21 days after MPA injection, which was earlier 38 and 24 days, respectively, compared control(P<0.01). The regrowth of antler in both Sika deer and Elk occurred in the MPA injection and the duration of antler growth was 2 times longer than control. The total yield of velvet antler of Elk in the control and MPA injection was 7.31 and 10.11kg and the that of sika deer was 1.00 and 1.41kg, respectively. Blood testosterone concentration of Sika deer and Elk was less than 4.0ng/ml for both at the casting and during the antler growing. Blood IGF-1 concentrations of Sika deer and Elk during the antler growing tended to increase with the same as growth curve of antler.