• 수완나부미
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.7-34
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• 2018

Finding distinguishing characteristics of Southeast Asia has proven to be a significant challenge: by focusing on the encounters which primarily colonial British writers had with the region's state rulers, it becomes possible to recover the early conceptualizations of regional governance. The writings of Henry Yule, Anna Leonowens, Sir George Scott, and Hugh Clifford all document the "orientalist" features of Western discourses because these writers at once were affected by it as they contributed to it. The discourse about royalty and rulers was central to many of the tropes associated with orientalism, but also with 'ornamentalism'. David Cannadine has shown that ornamentalism (in which British conceptualized many imperial practices in relation to their own hierarchical conceptions of society) was as critical a feature of imperial outlook as was orientalism. The need to understand ruling elites was at the heart of the imperialist project. Tracing the ways in which colonizing powers represented the region's ruling elite offers a new avenue for recognizing the affinities of the regional experience. Beyond orientalism, the paper explores questions about the representation and presentation of authority. Understanding the conceptualizations of rulers is connected to the comprehension of social organization-including representations of "traditional society."

• 대순사상논총
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• 제19권
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• pp.145-163
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• 2005

What is Buddhism for? Is the enlightenment the only valid goal of the Buddhist practice? In answering to such questions, this article attempts to challenge the traditional Buddhist notion on the enlightenment, which has been believed to be the utmost and unquestionable, the final goal of Buddhist practice. This article argues that the enlightenment as the final goal of Buddhist practice resulted from religious atmosphere of the ancient India, where the society was bifurcated with the lay and monks. Moreover, nirvana, the final enlightenment with no-more-rebirth, was not the goal of all the Buddhists, but the goal of a few, religious elites. In modern society, where the role of lay people becomes more and more important the Buddhist goal for the enlightenment needs to be reevaluated and to change, from the enlightenment to happiness.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.95-124
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• 2023

Over the past 30 years, intense archaeological research has revealed a great increase in regional and transregional object mobility across the South China Sea during its Iron Age (500 BCE to 500 CE). Some objects had moved from a long distance: intaglios, seals, fine ceramic, glass containers, and gold coins of Mediterranean origin; and large bronzes, mirrors, and lacquerware connected to central East Asia. This evidence has given rise to larger-scale explanations, among which the most prominent has been the growth of (maritime) Silk Road trade. Scholars are divided as to whether the Silk Road is a suitable concept, with some emphasizing its orientalist overtones and colonial baggage and others finding it useful for the investigation of interregional networks trading in silk and other commodities. This paper explores how productive the Silk Road concept or metaphor really is for understanding transregional connectivity and social change in Iron Age Southeast Asia.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.568-581
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• 2011

1997년 국제 외환위기를 거치면서 한국정부는 미래의 새로운 경제적 활로를 모색하게 되었는데, 이미 경제적으로 괄목할만한 성과를 거둔 영국의 세계도시 전략과 창조산업이 주요한 본보기가 되었다. 한국의 중앙정부는 경제적 효과를 극대화하기 위해 창조산업을 한국의 사회적 환경에 맞도록 변용하였는데 이로부터 문화콘텐츠산업이 탄생하게 되었고, 이를 정책적 차원에서 적극적으로 지원하였다. 한국의 고유한 문화전통을 기반으로 세계적인 문화산업으로 육성하기 위해 시작된 문화콘텐츠 진흥정책으로 인해 다양한 문화전통을 간직하고 있는 안동은 재발견되었다. 안동 지방정부와 대학과 유림가문을 중심으로 한 지역 주도층들은 이 진흥정책이 침체된 안동의 지역경제를 활성화하는데 새로운 전기가 될 뿐만 아니라 지역의 고루한 이미지를 탈피하는데 도움을 준다고 판단하였기 때문에 문화콘텐츠산업을 적극적으로 수용하고 진흥하였다. 문화콘텐츠 산업이 주목한 안동의 문화전통은 유교뿐만 아니라 기층문화로 여겨지던 무속이나 불교 등이었다. 이로부터 상대적으로 안동 지역민 사이에는 다양한 문화전통들 중에서 어떤 것을 지역의 진정한 전통문화로 선택할 것인지에 대해 이견이 발생했다. 서로 결이 다른 지역 정체성들이 전략적으로 타협되면서 공존하게 되는데, 이는 문화적 다양성이 관광의 활성화를 통해 지역경제를 되살리는데 중요할 뿐만 아니라 제한된 자원을 둘러싼 다른 지역들과의 경쟁에서 우월적 지위를 차지하는데 도움을 주었기 때문이다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.30-38
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• 2006

Objectives: We examined whether the neighborhood socioeconomic position predicts the smoking rates after adjusting for individual socioeconomic position indicators. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2001 Seoul Health Indicators Survey. The neighborhood socioeconomic position was the residential distribution of the high class (power elites), as measured by the location quotients (LQ) for each administrative dong (district). A high LQ denotes a high neighborhood socioeconomic status. The individual socioeconomic position included education, occupation and income. Age-adjusted smoking rates according to the LQ level were computed with the direct method. The total number of subjects in this study (26,022 men and 28,007 women) was the reference. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was conducted with the individuals at the first level and the neighborhoods at the second level to estimate the odds ratios of smoking with 95% confidence intervals. Results: For men, the age-adjusted smoking rates increased with a decrease in the LQ. For women, the relationship between the age-adjusted smoking rate and the LQ was not clear. The odds of smoking for both genders were greater among those subjects with lower incomes and lower education. The manual occupational class had greater odds of smoking than the non-manual class for the males, while the odds ratio of smoking among females with a manual occupation tended to be lower than those females with a non-manual occupation. For the males, the LQ levels independently predicted smoking after adjustment for individual income. However, this relation between the LQ and smoking in males was explained by full adjustment for the individual socioeconomic position indicators (education, occupation and income). Conclusions: A low level of neighborhood socioeconomic position was associated with higher smoking rates among the men residing in Seoul. This association between the neighborhood socioeconomic position and smoking in men was explained by the individual socioeconomic position. Anti-smoking efforts to reduce geographical inequality in smoking should be directed at reducing the smoking rates between the individuals with different socioeconomic backgrounds in the metropolitan city of Seoul, South Korea.

• 한일민족문제연구
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• 제21호
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• pp.1-43
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• 2011

This article introduces Abe Mituie's activities related to Korean and Japanese Buddhism and two newly discovered materials. He worked as a brain of Japanese cultural rule over Joseon Korea while holding various positions such as the president of KyeongSung Il Bo, the vice president of Kokmin Newspaper and the director of Central Joseon Association. Abe was responsible for Enkak Temple, the head temple of Japanese Rinzai section, and was one of the layman followers of Syak Soen who worked for the spread of modern Japanese Buddhism to Europe and America. He was a respectful Buddhist layman so as to teach Zen Buddhism for young Buddhist monks in Japan. After he started to assume charge in the Kyeong Sung Il Bo, he was also very active in movements in relation to Joseon Buddhism to the extent that he was found to be deeply involved in Joseon Buddhism sections. On the other hand, he concluded Joseon culture to be 'devastated.' He asserted that it was necessary to develop spiritual culture and revive Buddhism in order to resolve the devastation in the Joseon. In addition, he thought that Joseon Buddhism was ruined due to the misgovernment of the Joseon Dynasty, but had its own as great tradition as Japanese Buddhism. Therefore, in his opinion, there was a need to do research on Joseon Buddhism and find some way out of the contemporary difficulties. In order to save the situation, he made efforts to protect and revive Joseon Buddhism while paying continuous visits to Joseon Buddhist temples, supporting the publication of Buddhist canons and proposing to have a regular meeting of 'The Invitation of 30 Head Temples.' From his visit to Youngju Temple and his consistent relationship with Kang Daeryeon, it can be assumed that he was involved in reorganizing power structure in Joseon Buddhism and establishing various institutions. He emphasized the strict adherence of individuals and communities to rules in his lecture for students at Jung Ang Hak Rim. It was a way to revive Joseon Buddhism by creating a new social image of Joseon Buddhism. He continued to work for the restoration of Joseon Buddhism even after he retired from Kyeong Sung Il Bo and returned to Japan. He introduced the originality of Joseon Buddhism history to Japan and sent Japanese monks to Korea in order to do research and contribute to exchange between Korean and Japanese Buddhism. All things taken together, it is evident that Abe Mitzihe regarded Joseon as backward or stagnant from a perspective of evolutionist or orientalist, and was a Japanese elite to believe that it was just for Japan to control Korea. However, he was different from other Japanese elites in that he did not considered Joseon Buddhism merely as the object of propagation. He thought that Joseon Buddhism possessed its own great tradition and culture, but was ruined because of the misadministration of the Joseon Royal House. Therefore, in his opinion, Joseon Buddhism should be recovered by means of some supports, and its revival would lead to the restoration of Joseon culture as a whole, which would be realized by Japanese rule over Korea and Japanese elites' generous assistance.

• 분석과 대안
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.169-196
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• 2024

카자흐스탄 하원에서 어떤 의원은 여러 차례 재당선되는 반면에, 어떤 의원은 초선에 그치는가? 카자흐스탄 정치 엘리트에 관한 기존연구들은 주로 출신 씨족이 엘리트의 임명/교체에 미치는 영향을 논의해왔다. 이러한 연구는 카자흐스탄의 후견주의 정치 구조의 특징을 설명하는데 기여했으나, 출신 씨족 이외에 정치적 배경과 엘리트 임명/교체의 관계에 대한 분석은 매우 빈약한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구의 목적은 카자흐스탄 제4대~제8대 하원을 중심으로 어떤 특성을 가진 의원이 연속성을 가지는지를 분석하는데 있다. 분석결과, 제4대, 제6대, 제7대 하원에서 소비에트 공산당 활동 경력을 가진 의원이 그렇지 않은 의원보다 평균 선수가 더 높았다. 그리고 제4대와 제5대 하원에서 누르오탄 소속 의원이 그렇지 않은 의원보다 평균 선수가 더 높았다. 반면에, 지역 정치 경력 여부에 따른 평균 선수의 차이는 발견되지 않았고, 엘리트 유형별 평균 선수의 차이는 제6대 하원에서만 일부 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 권위주의 국가인 카자흐스탄에서 의회가 체제를 공고히 하는 수단으로 활용된다는 점에서, 대통령의 의회 지배 전략이 반영된 산물이라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구의 의의는 최초로 카자흐스탄 하원에서 누가 정치적 생존을 지속하는지를 경험적으로 증명했다는데 있다.

• Asian review of World Histories
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.147-167
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• 2014

The urban modernity that became an irresistible model for elites in Asia in the decades before and after 1900 was far from being gender-neutral. It represented an exceptional peak of patriarchy in its exclusion of respectable middle class women from the work force, from ownership and control of property and from politics. Marriage was indissoluble and the wife's role in the male-headed nuclear family was to care for and educate the abundant children she produced. Puritan religious values underlined the perils for women of falling outside this pattern of dependence on the male. Though upheld as modern and civilized, this ideal was in particularly striking contrast with the pre-colonial Southeast Asian pattern of economic autonomy and balance between women and men, and the relative ease of female-initiated divorce. Although attractive to many western-educated Southeast Asian men, including religious reformers determined to 'save' and domesticate women, urban respectability of this type was a poor fit for women accustomed to dominant roles in commerce and marketing, and at least equal ones in production. Southeast Asian relative failure in the high colonial era to adapt to the modern market economy may also have a gendered explanation. We should not be surprised that patriarchy and puritanism became more important in Southeast Asia as it urbanized in the late 20th Century, since this was echoing the European experience a century earlier. The question remains how far Southeast Asia could retain its relatively balanced gender pattern in face of its eventual rapid urbanization and commercial development.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.37-41
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the recent resurgence of popularism and the possible impacts it may have on contemporary business and economics. Research design, data and methodology: This is an exploratory case study that examines the rise of popularism and identifies and analyzes the likely implications for contemporary business and economics. Results: Although populists tend to reject elitism, capitalism, economic globalization, and political establishment, their ethnocentric behavior is no different from those of the corrupt political and economic elites. Popularism does enable nationalism and protectionism and negatively impacts business and economic growth. Conclusions: Popularism existed for a long time, and this phenomenon will continue to exist as long as a triggered mechanism exist, e.g., income inequality, resurgence of immigration, recession, insufficient factors of resources and social welfare. The recent rise of popularism is not a fad or a short-lived anti-establishment and anti-elitism movements but, rather, a force to be reckoned with in the near future. The rise of economic nationalism limits international trade, integration, and cooperation. As a result, international capital, service, and product flows will decline, and countries and multinational corporations have to develop and restructure their international supply and value chain to cope with this phenomenon.

• 천문학논총
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2006

We carried out a follow-up study on the students who participated in International Astronomy Olympiad(IAO). We surveyed home and school environment, personal characteristics with regard to four high school student and five college students who participated in IAO from 2002 to 2005. In the home environment variable of science elite students who took part in the IAO, we found out significant corelation between science elites and their parent's educational career. In their personal characteristics, we found out considerably their motivation capacity, intelligent curiosity, flexible and creative thinking ability. This study illuminated that the experience of IAO participation offered the opportunity for the students to gain mare self-esteem and positive confidence on scientific study. The IAO experience is construed to effect greatly the students' future. Through the IAO experience, the participating students are expected to major in astronomy and become excellent astronomers in the future. We expect that the interest of student will increase greatly in the area of astronomy and it will contribute to the substantial development of Korean astronomy. In this respect, with the constant support to the IAO participants, the effort to cultivate outstanding astronomers and follow-up study on those participants of the IAO should be continued.