• 셀메드
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.6.1-6.10
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• 2015

Fumaria indica Linn. (Syn: Fumaria parviflora, Fumariaceae) is a wildly grown weed, mentioned and recommended in classical Ayurvedic texts for treatments of variety of ailments including dermatological diseases, topical diseases, cardiovascular complaints, circulatory disease, fever and headache etc. The present pilot study was designed to experimentally verify the possibility that fumarates are the major bioactive principles of Fumaria indica extracts involved in their stress response modulating activities, and to estimate pharmacologicallyactive dose ranges of fumarates and standardized methanolic extract of Fumaria indica (MFI). Effect of single, 5 and 10 daily oral doses of pure fumaric acid (FA), monomethyl fumarate (MMF), dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and MFI was quantified in well validated rodent models viz. apomorphine induced cage climbing, stress induced hyperthermia, and elevated plus-maze tests. Obtained results reveal high efficacy of MFI and pure fumarates possess qualitatively analogous activity profiles in all the three tests. There were no significant difference in the potencies of pure FA, MMF and DMF in the three tests, whereas efficacy of MFI in the elevated plus maze test for anxiolytics was higher than in the other two tests. Efficacies of all the four test agents in all the three tests increased with increasing number of days of oral treatments. Results of these pilot experiments should be helpful for more rational selections of pharmacologically interesting dose ranges and treatment regimens of fumarates and Fumaria indica extracts for further more holistic explorations of their diverse therapeutic potentials.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.409-417
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• 2007

We investigated the effect of Arogh, a polyherbal formulation (PHF) on animal models of anxiety based on exploratory behavior. The anxiolytic activity of polyherbal formulation (30, 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg) was studied using various behavioural paradigms such as elevated plus maze (EPM), light/dark apparatus (LDA), open field apparatus (OFA), hole board apparatus (HBA). Diazepam (1 mg/kg) was used as a standard anxiolytic drug. The effect of PHF (100 and 300 mg/kg) on serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline mediated behaviour was studied by lithium induced head twitches in rats, haloperidol induced catalepsy in mice and clonidine induced hypothermia in rats respectively. In EPM, PHF (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the time spent in open arms and the number of entries in open arms. In LDA, PHF (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the time spent in lit zone. In OFA, PHF (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the number of assisted rearing and the number of squares traversed. In HBA, PHF (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the number of head poking. In lithium induced head twitches, PHF (100 and 300 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the number of head twitches. In haloperidol induced catalepsy, PHF (300 mg/kg) decreased the duration of catalepsy significantly (P < 0.05) at 60 min. In clonidine-induced hypothermia, PHF (300 mg/kg) did not modify the effect. Drugs must be carefully assessed on EPM test and therefore in the present study EPM is supported by other tests. Present study indicates that Arogh, a polyherbal formulation possess anxiolytic activity. It diminished serotonergic transmission and decreased the duration of catalepsy indicating potentiation of dopaminergic transmission. Thus, Arogh a polyherbal formulation contains bioactive principles which possess anxiolytic activity and modified 5-HT and DA mediated behaviour.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.413-417
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• 2012

Chrysanthemum indicum Linne is an ancient herbal medicine used to treat bone and muscle deterioration, ocular inflammation, headache, and anxiety in Korea, China, and Japan. Furthermore, tea derived from Chrysanthemum indicum Linne has been used to treat anxiety by facilitating relaxation and curing insomnia. However, no reports exist on the anxiolytic-like effects of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne water extract (CWE) in mice. In the present study, we investigated the anxiolytic-like effects of CWE using the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test in mice. CWE, at a dose of 500 mg/kg (p.o.), significantly increased the time spent in the open arms of the EPM compared to a vehicle-injected control group. Moreover, the effect of CWE (500 mg/kg) was blocked by bicuculline (a selective $GABA_A$ receptor antagonist) and WAY 100635 (a selective 5-$HT_{1A}$ receptor antagonist). Taken together, these findings suggest that the anxiolytic-like effects of CWE might be mediated by the $GABA_A$ receptor and the 5-$HT_{1A}$ receptor.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.299-304
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• 2002

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expressing neurons are distributed widely throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Due to its distribution and pharmacological studies, CGRP has been implicated to be involved in anxiety, fear and depression. In this study, ${\alpha}CGRP-knockout$ mice were used to assess the consequences of removing this neuropeptide to the mice behaviors. ${\alpha}CGRP-knockout$ mice performed equally as well as wild type mice in the light-dark transition test and in the elevated plus maze test of anxiety. ${\alpha}CGRP-null$ mice behaved similarly as wild-type mice in the Porsolt swim test of depression. They also exhibited normal learning and memory in the fear conditioning tasks. It is concluded that ${\alpha}CGRP$ is not essential for mice to be able to perform these tests, despite the presence of ${\alpha}CGRP$ in the relevant regions of the brain.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.63-75
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• 2006

Objectives : We investigated the effects of Liriopis Tuber on the nervous protection. Methods : We measured the reaction behavior with EPM(Elevated Plus Maxe) and MWM(Morris Water Maze) after applying restraint stress to rats. Also, the degrees of AchE generation were measured with immunohistochemical method in the regions of hippocampus, and the degree of TH generation in the regions of VTA and LC, respectively. Results : 1. As the results of measuring how long EPM which reflects anxiety reaction stayed in the open arm, there was the trend which can suppress anxiety reaction in the MMD+stress group(Liriopis Tuber+stress) but no statistical significance. The counting results how many EPM passed between opened and closed arm showed suppression trend against a physical activity in the saline+stress group but there was no statistical significance. 2. According to the result of MWM, the saline+stress group showed the learning retardation which means increased time arriving at goal compared to ti1e normal group at the second and third day of measurement. On the contrary, a learning retardation was significantly decreased in the MMD+stress group. Among the probe trial test a memory loss occurred in the saline+stress group, meanwhile memory ability was notably increased in the saline-stress group. 3. The degree of TH generation was investigated at the VTA and LC respectively after test animals treated with drug. In the saline+stress group, TH-immunoreactive cells were significantly increased, and these stress-induced TH increases were suppressed in the saline+stress group at the VTA region. However, the saline+stress group did not show any significant difference. 4. the degree of AchE generation was investigated at the CA3 of hippocampus. The saline+stress group showed that AchE-immunoreactive cells were significantly decreased. Those stress-induced reductions of AchE cells were meaningfully recovered in the saline+stress group. Although the cells showed recovery trend in the region of CA1 of hippocampus, statistical significance was not observed. Conclusion : The results of our study indicate that Liriopis Tuber can improve spatial memory ability of rats applied a restraint stress. This improvement of the spatial memory ability is considered to have an efficacy of nervous protection that Liriopis Tuber suppresses the generation of AchE in the hippocampus region and enhances the generation of TH in the VTA.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.43-64
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Jowiseungcheongtang compared with St. John's wort in the chronic mild stress(CMS) animal model of depression. Wistar rats were used for this study. The subjects were divided into 4 groups (Naive group: without CMS procedure, CMS-vehicle: water was administered during CMS procedure, CMS-Jowiseungcheongtang: Jowiseungcheongtang was administered after 5 weeks of CMS procedure, CMS-St. John's wort: St. John's wort was administered after 5 weeks of CMS procedure) During 9 weeks of CMS procedure, The change of the consumption of sucrose and the changes of weights were measured. After CMS procedure, Morris water maze test, open field test, elevated plus maze test and Western blotting were measured. The results were as follows. 1. The consumption of sucrose solution was significantly reversed in Jowiseungcheongtang group and relatively reversed in St. John's Wort group at 7 week. 2. In open field test, Neither Jowiseungcheongtang nor St. John's wort group showed statistically significant change of exploratory activity. In EPM test, St. John's Wort group showed significant decrease of total arm entry in comparison with Naive group. And Jowiseungcheongtang group was showed no significant change. 3. In Morris water maze test, St. John's Wort group showed significant increase in escape latency of the last Morris water maze trial. And in water maze probe test, there was no significant change. 4. St. John's Wort group showed relative increase in LP1 division of 5HT1A receptor compared with Naive group. Both St. John's Wort and Jowiseungcheongtang group showed relative increase in P2 division of GluRl compared with Naive group. These results suggest that Jowiseungcheongtang is as effective as St. John's Wort in the treatment of depression.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2001년도 Proceedings of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea
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• pp.216.3-217
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• 2001

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.101-115
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Sam-Jeong-Hwan(SJH) on the animal model of depression induced immobilization stress. Method: The subject were divided into 4 groups(l. normal 2. saline solution administered during immobilization stress treatment 3. SJH of 100mg/kg administered 4. BKJ of 400mg/kg administered). Immobilization stress was treated for 1 hours on day. During 2 days of immobilization stress treatment, they were executed forced swimming test, passive avoidance test, elevated plus maze test. Corticosterone and ACTH in blood were measured. Results: In forced swimming test, SJH of 400mg/kg group showed decreased immobilization. In passive avoidance test, SJH of 400mg/kg group showed increased learning execution. In EPM test, SJH of 400mg/kg group showed decreased anxiety. In locomotor activity test, SJH groups showed significantly increased locomotor activity. Stress group showed significantly increase in serum level of corticosterone, SJH of 400mg/kg group showed decreased serum level of corticosterone. Stress group showed significantly increase in serum level of ACTH, SJH of 400mg/kg group showed decreased serum level of ACTH. Conclusion: These results suggest that Sam-Jeong-Hwan(SJH) is effective in the treatment of depression.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.349-356
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• 2019

Behavioral analysis in mice provided important contributions in helping understand and treat numerous neurobehavioral and neuropsychiatric disorders. The behavioral performance of animals and humans is widely different among individuals but the neurobehavioral mechanism of the innate difference is seldom investigated. Many neurologic conditions share comorbid symptoms that may have common pathophysiology and therapeutic strategy. The forced swim test (FST) has been commonly used to evaluate the "antidepressant" properties of drugs yet the individual difference analysis of this test was left scantly investigated along with the possible connection among other behavioral domains. This study conducted an FST-screening in outbred CD-1 male mice and segregated them into three groups: high performers (HP) or the active swimmers, middle performers (MP), and low performers (LP) or floaters. After which, a series of behavioral experiments were performed to measure their behavioral responses in the open field, elevated plus maze, Y maze, three-chamber social assay, novel object recognition, delay discounting task, and cliff avoidance reaction. The behavioral tests battery revealed that the three groups displayed seemingly correlated differences in locomotor activity and novel object recognition but not in other behaviors. This study suggests that the HP group in FST has higher locomotor activity and novelty-seeking tendencies compared to the other groups. These results may have important implications in creating behavior database in animal models that could be used for predicting interconnections of various behavioral domains, which eventually helps to understand the neurobiological mechanism controlling the behaviors in individual subjects.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.30-47
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• 2013

목 적: 본 연구는 만성 스트레스로 인한 갱년기 우울증 모델에서 사물탕가향부자(SGH)의 항우울 효과를 검증하여 실험적 유의성을 확인하고자 시행되었다. 방 법: 난소적출 흰쥐에 4주간 만성 스트레스를 가하고 SGH(100 and 400 mg/kg/day)를 투여한 후 행동검사인 sucrose intake test(SIT), elevated plus maze(EPM), forced swimming test(FST) 및 Morris water maze test(MWMT) 등을 통한 우울행동 변화와 혈청 corticosterone(CORT), IL-$1{\beta}$ 및 IL-4 등의 변화를 측정하였고, 또한 뇌 내 hippocampus와 hypothalamus에서 5-HT의 변화를 측정하였다. 결 과: 1. SIT에서 SGH 400 mg/kg/day 투여군은 대조군에 비해서 자당 섭취가 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 2. EPM에서 SGH 400 mg/kg/day 투여군은 대조군에 비해서 open arms에 머무는 시간이 유의하게 증가하였고(p<0.01), open arms와 closed arms를 교차하는 횟수도 대조군에 비해서 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 3. FST에서 SGH 100 mg/kg/day, 400 mg/kg/day 투여군 모두 대조군에 비해서 immobility시간이 유의하게 줄어들었다(SGH 100 p<0.05, SGH 400 p<0.01). 4. MWMT에서 SGH 100 mg/kg/day, 400 mg/kg/day 투여군은 모두 대조군에 비해서 실험 4일째에서 acquisition trials 수행 시간이 유의하게 단축되었고(p<0.05), SGH 400 mg/kg/day 투여군은 대조군에 비해서 retention trials 수행 시간이 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 5. CORT와 IL-4 측정에서 대조군과 SGH 투여군 모두 유의한 변화가 없었고, IL-$1{\beta}$ 측정에서 대조군에서는 유의하게 증가하였지만 SGH 투여군에서는 대조군에 비해서 유의한 변화가 없었다. 6. Hippocampus에서의 5-HT 측정에서 SGH 400 mg/kg/day 투여군은 대조군에 비해서 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). Hypothalamus에서의 5-HT수준은 SGH 투여군 모두 대조군에 비해서 유의하게 증가하였다(SGH 100 p<0.05, SGH 400 p<0.01). 결 론: 이상의 결과로 SGH는 만성 스트레스를 가한 난소적출 흰쥐에서 항우울 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었고, HPA axis, immune system 보다 5-HT system에 작용하는 것으로 사료된다.