• Title/Summary/Keyword: Electronic transactions

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Recent Developments in Law of International Electronic Information Transactions (국제전자정보거래(國際電子情報去來)에 관한 입법동향(立法動向))

  • Hur, Hai-Kwan
    • THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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    • v.23
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    • pp.155-219
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    • 2004
  • This paper focuses on two recent legislative developments in electronic commerce: the "Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act" ("UCITA") of USA and the "preliminary draft convention on the use of data message in [international trade] [the context of international contracts]" ("preliminary draft Convention") of UNCITRAL. UCITA provides rules contracts for computer information transactions. UCITA supplies modified contract formation rules adapted to permit and to facilitate electronic contracting. UCITA also adjusts commonly recognized warranties as appropriate for computer information transactions; for example, to recognize the international context in connection with protection against infringement and misappropriation, and First Amendment considerations involved with informational content. Furthermore, UCITA adapts traditional rules as to what is acceptable performance to the context of computer information transactions, including providing rules for the protection of the parties concerning the electronic regulation of performance to clarify that the appropriate general rule is one of material breach with respect to cancellation (rather than so-called perfect tender). UCITA also supplies guidance in the case of certain specialized types of contracts, e.g., access contracts and for termination of contracts. While for the most part carrying over the familiar rules of Article 2 concerning breach when appropriate in the context of the tangible medium on which the information is fixed, but also adapting common law rules and rules from Article 2 on waiver, cure, assurance and anticipatory breach to the context of computer information transactions, UCITA provides a remedy structure somewhat modeled on that of Article 2 but adapted in significant respects to the different context of a computer information transaction. For example, UCITA contains very important limitations on the generally recognized common law right of self-help as applicable in the electronic context. The UNCITRAL's preliminary draft Convention applies to the use of data messages in connection with an existing or contemplated contract between parties whose places of business are in different States. Nothing in the Convention affects the application of any rule of law that may require the parties to disclose their identities, places of business or other information, or relieves a party from the legal consequences of making inaccurate or false statements in that regard. Likewise, nothing in the Convention requires a contract or any other communication, declaration, demand, notice or request that the parties are required to make or choose to make in connection with an existing or contemplated contract to be made or evidenced in any particular form. Under the Convention, a communication, declaration, demand, notice or request that the parties are required to make or choose to make in connection with an existing or contemplated contract, including an offer and the acceptance of an offer, is conveyed by means of data messages. Also, the Convention provides for use of automated information systems for contract formation: a contract formed by the interaction of an automated information system and a person, or by the interaction of automated information systems, shall not be denied on the sole ground that no person reviewed each of the individual actions carried out by such systems or the resulting agreement. Further, the Convention provides that, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, a contract concluded by a person that accesses an automated information system of another party has no legal effect and is not enforceable if the person made an error in a data message and (a) the automated information system did not provide the person with an opportunity to prevent or correct the error; (b) the person notifies the other party of the error as soon as practicable when the person making the error learns of it and indicates that he or she made an error in the data message; (c) The person takes reasonable steps, including steps that conform to the other party's instructions, to return the goods or services received, if any, as a result of the error or, if instructed to do so, to destroy such goods or services.

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Association rule mining for intertransactions with considering fairly data semantics (데이터의 의미적 정보를 공정하게 반영한 인터트랜잭션들에 대한 연관규칙 탐사)

  • Ceong, Hyi-Thaek
    • The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.359-368
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    • 2014
  • Recently, to reflect the context between transactions, the intertransaction association rule mining has been study. In this study, we present two problems that is within intertransaction association rule mining method and suggest the methods to solve this problems. First, we suggest an algorithm to reflect changes on data between transactions. Second, we propose the method to solve the unfairly considered frequency of data when intertransactions is generate with transactions. We make more meaningful rules than previous researches. We present the experiment result with measured data from the marine environment.

Certificate Management System, Related Technologies, and its Requirements

  • Kim Chan-Young;Oh Sang-Jo
    • Management & Information Systems Review
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    • v.2
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    • pp.195-208
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    • 1998
  • We have experienced tremendous growth in commercial use of Internet especially in the last couple of years, and the rate of growth does not appear to be slowing down. As the Internet becomes a dominant platform for electronic commerce, all involved parties of electronic commerce are concerned about security of transactions. Various technologies are adopted to enhance the security of business transactions. This paper briefly discusses certificate technology and a way to minimize the business risk of certificate authority in a form of system requirements of CMS(Certificate Management System).

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A Nash Bargaining Solution of Electric Power Transactions Embedding Transmission Pricing in the Competitive Electricity Market

  • Kang, Dong-Joo;Kim, Balho H.;Chung, Koo-Hyung;Moon, Young-Hwan
    • KIEE International Transactions on Power Engineering
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    • v.3A no.1
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    • pp.42-46
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    • 2003
  • The economic operation of a utility in a deregulated environment brings about optimization problems different from those in vertically integrated one[1]. While each utility operates its own generation capacity to maximize profit, the market operator (or system operator) manages and allocates all the system resources and facilities to achieve the maximum social welfare. This paper presents a sequential application of non-cooperative and cooperative game theories in analyzing the entire power transaction process.

Electronic Ratio Control of Metal Belt CVT (금속벨트 CVT 변속비 전자제어화)

  • 김달철;김현수
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.100-109
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    • 2000
  • In this paper a stepping motor drive electronic ratio control system for a metal belt CVT is suggested. The electronic ratio control system developed in this study is designed to control flow rate which is required to obtain the shift speed and to control the primary actuator pressure to maintain the desired ratio. Considering these control characterstics a fuzzy logic is used for the CVT ratio control. Using the fuzzy logic dynamic models of the ratio control system is investigated and compared with the experimental results. The experimental and simulation results show that the electronic ratio control system developed in this study can be used in CVT system for the active control of the speed ratio.

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An experimental study on the cooling characteristics of electronic cabinet (전자장비 캐비넷의 냉각특성에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • Park, Jong-Heung;Lee, Jae-Heon
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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    • v.20 no.7
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    • pp.2356-2366
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    • 1996
  • High-power electronic chips have been advanced to such an extent that the heat dissipation capability of a system design has become one of the primary limiting factors. Therefore, thermal design must be considered in the early stage of the electronic system development. In present paper, the results of an experimental study on the forced convection cooling are presented to evaluate cooling performance of an electronic cabinet which in generally used for telecommunication system. Temperatures and thermal resistances are applied to compare the heat transfer characteristics for various locations of a fan unit as well as various configuration of non-uniform powering modules. As a result, the optimal configuration of a fan unit and powering configuration is suggested for the effective thermal design of telecommunication system.

Effect of Discharging Process on Electrical and Optical Properties in Charged Particle-type Reflective Electronic Display

  • Kim, Young-Cho
    • Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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    • v.15 no.6
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    • pp.333-337
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    • 2014
  • In this study, the use of a discharging process for charged particles is proposed to achieve an ideal electrical balance or neutralization and to improve the electrical and optical properties of a reflective electronic display. Here, negatively charged particles (white) and positively charged particles (black) are used. The q/m (charge per mass for a particle) values of the black and white particles are $+4.5{\mu}C/g$ and $-4.5{\mu}C/g$, respectively. We compared the movement of the charged particles by varying their discharging time. Stable movement of the charged particles is obtained with an appropriate discharging time, which resulted in improvements of the optical properties of the panel.

Process Effect on the RMS Roughness of CuInSe2 Thin Films Grown by MOMBE

  • Ko, Young-Don;Moon, Pyung;Yun, Il-Gu;Ham, Moon-Ho;Myoung, Jae-Min
    • Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.58-66
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    • 2007
  • In this paper, the process effect on the RMS roughness of the $HfO_2$ thin films grown by metal organic molecular beam epitaxy was investigated. The measured RMS roughness is examined to characterize the surface morphology. In order to analyze the factor effects, the significant factors of both the main and the interaction effects were extracted through the effect analysis. In order to compare the regression model with the variable transformation, the effect of each factor and the model efficiency are calculated. The methodology can allow us to analyze the effects between the process parameters related to the process variability.

PECVD Chamber Cleaning End Point Detection (EPD) Using Optical Emission Spectroscopy Data

  • Lee, Ho Jae;Seo, Dongsun;Hong, Sang Jeen;May, Gary S.
    • Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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    • v.14 no.5
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    • pp.254-257
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    • 2013
  • In-situ optical emission spectroscopy (OES) is employed for PECVD chamber monitoring. OES is used as an addon sensor to monitoring and cleaning end point detection (EPD). On monitoring plasma chemistry using OES, the process gas and by-product gas are simultaneously monitored. Principal component analysis (PCA) enhances the capability of end point detection using OES data. Through chamber cleaning monitoring using OES, cleaning time is reduced by 53%, in general. Therefore, the gas usage of fluorine is also reduced, so satisfying Green Fab challenge in semiconductor manufacturing.

Workflow Management Systems supporting ebXML in B2B eCommerce (기업간 전자상거래에서 ebXML을 지원하는 워크플로우시스템)

  • 정재윤;김형준;김영호;강석호
    • Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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    • 2001.10a
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    • pp.65-68
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    • 2001
  • In e-Marketplace, many companies are participating frequently either as supplier or as customer. Thus, electronic processing of transactions and flexible integration with participating companies' processes are required. These situation requires process integration using workflow and the exchange of transaction document using XML(eXtensible Markup Language). This paper presents methodologies to model business processes in e-Marketplace where many companies are participating and to exchange electronic messages using ebXML that have become a standard in electronic commerce. These methodologies can integrate and manage processes in electronic commerce environment, and can process ebXML standard documents efficiently, making electronic commerce more harmoniously in global market. The system constructed in this research supports business processes between companies by exchanging XML messages conforming Wf-XML and ebXML standards using SOAP protocol.

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