• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.287-304
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• 2007

Determination of the time and place of dispatch and receipt of electronic messages is an important element of the operation of many rules of law, particularly the timing of formation of the contract. In this paper, I reviewed interpretation and application of time and place of dispatch and receipt of electronic records in electronic transactions under the UNCITRAL(United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) Model Law on Electronic Commerce, USA Uniform Electronic Transactions Act and Korea Electronic Transactions Act. Time of dispatch and time of receipt are effective when received. The sender has the burden to prove that the electronic record is sent successfully to the information process system of the recipient. Therefore, to safety electronic transactions, the sender needs to request a confirm notice for receipt to the recipient when the electronic record is sent like the provisions of UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce and Korea Electronic Transactions Act. By requesting the above, the sender is able to take precautionary measures for damage according to the failure of dispatch and receipt of the electronic records.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.405-427
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• 2010

This legal study is to compare the Electronic Transactions Act in Thailand(hereinafter 'ETA') with mainly other countries electronic transactions acts, such as UNCITRAL MLEC, UECIC, VETA, UCITA and Korea' Electronic Transactions Act The ETA is consisted of 6 chapters which included preamble and definitions. Each chapter's main point as follows. Preamble is related to the name, time of legal effect, scope and definitions. Chapter 1 is not only general principles of electronic transactions, required restriction in addition to specify the limit of application, documentation, evidential weight in reference to the data message, but also the conditions of offer and acceptance through data message, time and place of dispatch and receipt of data message, certification between origination and addressee. According to media-neutrality and the effectiveness security requirement of data message under the information system, legal certification is related to the exchange's declaration of intention, define about origination-addressee of data message. Chapter 2 is composed to provide expressly about the effectiveness security in electronic signature. Those contents are to compare the MLEC, UECIC and Electronic Transactions Act in Korea. Chapter 3 is related to legal definitions that present legal requirement about service relating electronic transaction which contents accept domestic law, the adequate requirement as eligibility, satisfied matter, self-reliance ratio of finance and other detail standard Chapter 4 is deal with the transaction which are public sector and those application requirements. And also this chapter are composed regulations about direct-indirect purpose of Thailand domestic electronic government.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.16
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• pp.331-359
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• 2001

Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (1999) Drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. The Act allows the use of electronic records and electronic signatures in any transaction, except transactions subject to the Uniform Commercial Code. The fundamental purpose of this act is to remove perceived barriers to electronic commerce. The Act's a procedural statute. It does not mandate either electronic signatures or records, but provides a means to effectuate transactions when they are used. The primary objective is to establish the legal equivalence of electronic records and signatures with paper writings and manually-signed signatures. With regard to the general scope of the Act, the Act's coverage is inherently limited by the definition of "transaction." The Act does not apply to all writings and signatures, but only to electronic records and signatures relating to a transaction, defined as those interactions between people relating to business, commercial and governmental affairs. The exclusion of specific Articles of the Uniform Commercial Code reflects the recognition that, particularly in the case of Articles 5, 8 and revised Article 9, electronic transactions were addressed in the specific contexts of those revision processes. In the context of Articles 2 and 2A the UETA provides the vehicle for assuring that such transactions may be accomplished and effected via an electronic medium. At such time as Articles 2 and 2A are revised the extent of coverage in those Articles(Acts) may make application of this Act as a gap-filling law desirable. Similar considerations apply to the recently promulgated Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA). Another fundamental premise of the Act is that it be minimalist and procedural. The general efficacy of existing law, in an electronic context, so long as biases and barriers to the medium are removed, confirms this approach. The Act defers to existing substantive law. Specific areas of deference to other law in this Act include: i) the meaning and effect of "sign" under existing law, ii) the method and manner of displaying, transmitting and formatting information in section 8, iii) rules of attribution in section 9, and iv) the law of mistake in section 10.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.135-148
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• 2005

The purpose of this article is to study on the Comparison of the Basic Law on Electronic Commerce and the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act(UETA). The purpose of th Basic Law on Electronic Commerce is to contribute to the national economy by clarifying the legal effect of transactions by means of electronic messages so as to ensure the security and reliability thereof and to secure fair trade, and further by establishing sound and orderly transactions, and promoting electronic commerce. It is important to understand that the purpose of the UETA is to remove barriers to electronic commerce by validating and effectuating electronic records and signatures. It is not a general contracting-the substantive rules of contracts remain unaffected by UETA. Nor is a digital signature statute. To the extent that a State has a Digital Signature Law, the UETA is designed to support and compliment that statute.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.17
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• pp.129-146
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• 2002

The electronic technology development have occurred in the face of existing legal barriers to legal efficacy of computer information goods, and the liberating promise of electronic transactions cannot fully realized unless there is predictability in the legal rules that govern such transactions. This study analyzes some theoretical fundamentals of the Act. First, it proposes that the Act clarify and set forth uniform legal principles applicable to computer information transactions. Secondly, it suggests that if the individual is risk averse, the acceptance set for electronic transactions will be a convex set, and that the application of the Act will make the acceptance set more expanded by lowering the probability of conflicts and by downsizing the risk averness. Thirdly, it also suggest that through the mothod of contingent commodities analysis, the application of the Act by means of its restricted regulations will give more expected utility than the absence of the Act. Fourthly, it derives some implications that the degree of legitimate restriction will be affected by the objective risk inherent to the electronic transactions, and the individual's subjective risk-averseness. Finally, it concludes that harmonization of restriction and protection of individual's rights in electronic transaction process will be a necessary condition for more efficient body of law from the law-economic perspectives.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.233-257
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• 2009

The 21st century is witnessing the explosive increase in the usage of internet and international electronic transactions. Due to the unique characteristics of the electronic information, substantial part of such transaction can and do take the form of cross-border transactions. However, there have not been settled appropriate set of rules applicable to the international electronic transactions. Currently, in respect to e-L/C transactions in international trade, there are laws such as Electronic Transaction Basic Act in our country, E-Trade Promotion Act, E-Signature Law, Act on Promotion of Information and Communication Network Utilization and Information Protection and Marine Charter 5 in the Commercial Law. Nevertheless, a complete legislation, that is a uniform rule for e L/C which could support e L/C transactions fully hasn't been established yet. Accordingly, those laws concerned need to improve to regulate e-L/C transactions. The purpose of this paper is to look into the national status for law readjustment to prepare for a new electronic environment and to use appropriately the e-L/C issued by electronic means, and to conduct a comparative analysis on the related regulations to introduce a pertinent laws and propose related regulations to contribute to the making of effective laws to regulate e-L/C.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.9-19
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• 2008

By e-Financial Transactions Act enacted in January 2007, the financial institutions are responsible for indemnifying user's damage to ensuring security of the electronic financial transactions and to protecting financial users when suffering from electronic financial accidents. However, when occurring unauthorized financial transactions or electronic financial accidents by user's moral hazard, it is difficult to determine where the accidents happened at and whether caused by the intention or gross negligence of users. To protecting financial parties and ensuring the security and reliability of electronic financial transactions, this paper attempts to propose the means, what enhance the notification process about financial transactions and to strengthen IT regulatory compliance by using area information about electronic financial transactions, to protect risk of the financial accidents.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.15
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• pp.59-87
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• 2001

In recent years electronic fund transfers covered by the Electronic Fund Transfer Act 1978 for consumer protection and the Article 4A of Uniform Commercial Code(U.C.C.) 1989 for wholesale electronic payments in United States. Electronic fund transfers carried out by use of a wire transfer network, automated clearing house, or other communication system of a clearing house or other association of banks such as direct deposit, Fedwire, automated teller machine, point-of-sale, and credit card transactions have been increasingly common in consumer transactions and wholesale transactions. Especially, the Article 4A of U.C.C. governs the rights and obligations associated with transactions such as an issue and acceptance of payment order, execution of sender's payment order by receiving bank, and payment. These legal frameworks in connection with electronic fund transfers in United States can play a leading role in establishing model not only within the United States, but also as a basis for developments of electronic commerce law in Korea including other countries.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.23-43
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• 2008

Requirement of facilitating electronic trade transactions and efforts to platform on the electronic trade in major countries are link to the interest of Bill of Lading, the major transportation document, to be electronic, namely interest in Electronic Bill of Lading. Regardless of the benefits from replacing paper based Bill of Lading to the electronic form, which are eliminating of the Crisis of Bill of Lading and cost saving of international trade community, it has not been successful so far. Among the three functions of Bill of Lading, evidence of contracts and receipt of goods can be easily transferable to the electronic form. However the most important function, Document of Title, became the hardest work to replicate in electronic form. The purpose of this paper is to clarify what kind of conditions shall be prepared to ensure the transfer of right and negotiability of the Electronic Bill of Lading and propose to ensure the use of electronic bill of lading and its transfer of right and negotiability in the era of the electronic transactions.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.143-163
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• 2006

The terms electronic trade, electronic trading and electronic commerce are often used interchangeably, and refer to trading transactions conducted using electronic media. Electronic trade is business-to-business transactions in an industrial context, while electronic commerce refers to retailing and the consumer sector as well as mass marketing. The Electronic trade process is defined as a flow of information (documents) exchanged between enterprises and trade-related firms (shipping companies, foreign exchange banks, forwarders, etc.) in the course of implementing a series of export and import procedures. Electronic trading systems exploit information technology to improve the efficiency of communications and/or to alter the nature of inter-organizational transactions. Many studies exist about the adoption of inter-organizational systems (IOS) and electronic data interchange (EDI), but few focus on electronic trade. The literature on exporting companies's electronic trade adoption and implementation, although extensive, consists mainly of exploratory studies focusing on technological characteristics such as barriers, benefits and usage. The purpose of this study is to broaden this perspective by investigating the environmental, organizational and technological drivers of business-to-business e-commerce adoption.