• 제목/요약/키워드: Electronic equilibrium

검색결과 186건 처리시간 0.033초

CGE 모형을 이용한 다목적댐 운영의 경제파급효과분석: 용수공급기능을 중심으로

  • 정기호;김재현
    • 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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    • 제21권1호
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    • pp.129-156
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    • 2012
  • 본 연구는 다목적댐 운영을 통한 안정적인 수자원 공급이 국가경제에 기여하는 경제적 파급효과를 분석한다. 분석을 위해 17개 주요 다목적댐이 고려되며, 다목적댐에서 공급되는 수자원을 여름과 겨울로 구분하여 별도의 생산요소로 포함하는 연산가능 일반균형모형(computable general equilibrium model: CGE)을 2007년을 기준연도로 하여 구축한다. 분석 내용은 다목적댐 용수 공급의 양적 측면과 안정적 용수 공급 측면을 구분하여, 전자에 대해서는 수자원 수요 충족에 따른 경제적 파급효과를 분석하고, 후자에 대해서는 수자원 공급의 불확실성 감소에 따른 리스크 프리미엄을 추정한다. 분석 결과, 다목적댐이 운영되지 않을 경우에 수자원을 집약적으로 투입하는 농림수산 및 수도 산업의 생산과 농림수산 산출물이 중간재로 많이 사용되는 음식료 산업의 생산이 크게 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 철강과 전기전자 등의 산업들은 대체로 생산이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. GNP는 벤치마크 해 대비 0.22~0.68% 감소하는 것으로 분석되었다. 한편 리스크 프리미엄은 상대적 위험회피 척도 값을 0.5~3.0의 범위에서 고려할 때 약 40억 원~240억 원의 범위를 갖는 것으로 나타났다.

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Ni(II)-$N_4$ 착이온의 낮은 스핀상태 ($D_{4h}$)와 높은 스핀상태 ($O_h$)간의 평형 ($N_4$ : 2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo-11,3,1-heptadeca-1(17),2,11,13,15-pentaene) (Equilibria between Low-spin State ($D_{4h}$) and High-spin State ($O_h$) of the Ni(II)-$N_4$ Complex Ion ($N_4$ : 2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo-11,3,1-heptadeca-1(17),2,11,13,15-pentaene))

  • 박유철;변종철;유만수
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제33권6호
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    • pp.607-613
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    • 1989
  • 물, 아세토니트릴, 아세톤 및 니트로메탄에서 Ni(II)-tetraamine 착물(tetraamine=2.12-dimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetraazabicyclo-11,3,1-heptadeca-1(17)2,11,13,15-pentaene)의 화학평형을 분광광도법을 이용하여 각각 관찰하였다. Ni(II)-tetraamine 착이온의 낮은 스핀($D_{4h}$) 구조와 높은 스핀($O_h$)구조간의 평형이 물, 아세토니트릴, 아세톤 용액에서는 나타났지만 니트로메탄 용액에서 나타나지 않았다. 평형상수와 반응엔탈피 및 반응엔트로피는 착물의 전자스펙트럼에 대한온도의 영향을 분석하므로써 결정하였다. $O_h$ 구조인 triplet 화학종의 형성은 발열과정으로 나타났었다. $D_{4h}$$O_h$간의 평형에 대한 용매와 전해질의 영향은 용매의 유전상수와 반응엔트로피로 설명할 수 있었다.

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The Materials Science of Chalcopyrite Materials for Solar Cell Applications

  • Rockett, Angus
    • 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국진공학회 2011년도 제41회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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    • pp.53-53
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    • 2011
  • This paper describes results for surface and bulk characterization of the most promising thin film solar cell material for high performance devices, (Ag,Cu) (In,Ga) Se2 (ACIGS). This material in particular exhibits a range of exotic behaviors. The surface and general materials science of the material also has direct implications for the operation of solar cells based upon it. Some of the techniques and results described will include scanning probe (AFM, STM, KPFM) measurements of epitaxial films of different surface orientations, photoelectron spectroscopy and inverse photoemission, Auger electron spectroscopy, and more. Bulk measurements are included as support for the surface measurements such as cathodoluminescence imaging around grain boundaries and showing surface recombination effects, and transmission electron microscopy to verify the surface growth behaviors to be equilibrium rather than kinetic phenomena. The results show that the polar close packed surface of CIGS is the lowest energy surface by far. This surface is expected to be reconstructed to eliminate the surface charge. However, the AgInSe2 compound has yielded excellent atomic-resolution images of the surface with no evidence of surface reconstruction. Similar imaging of CuInSe2 has proven more difficult and no atomic resolution images have been obtained, although current imaging tunneling spectroscopy images show electronic structure variations on the atomic scale. A discussion of the reasons why this may be the case is given. The surface composition and grain boundary compositions match the bulk chemistry exactly in as-grow films. However, the deposition of the heterojunction forming the device alters this chemistry, leading to a strongly n-type surface. This also directly explains unpinning of the Fermi level and the operation of the resulting devices when heterojunctions are formed with the CIGS. These results are linked to device performance through simulation of the characteristic operating behaviors of the cells using models developed in my laboratory.

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Strategic design for oxide-based anode materials and the dependence of their electrochemical properties on morphology and architecture

  • 강용묵
    • 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국재료학회 2012년도 춘계학술발표대회
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    • pp.73-73
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    • 2012
  • Modern technology-driven society largely relies on hybrid electric vehicles or electric vehicles for eco-friendly transportation and the use of high technology devices. Lithium rechargeable batteries are the most promising power sources because of its high energy density but still have a challenge. Graphite is the most widely used anode material in the field of lithium rechargeable batteries due to its many advantages such as good cyclic performances, and high charge/discharge efficiency in the initial cycle. However, it has an important safety issue associated with the dendritic lithium growth on the anode surface at high charging current because the conventional graphite approaches almost 0 V vs $Li/Li^+$ at the end of lithium insertion. Therefore, a fundamental solution is to use an electrochemical redox couple with higher equilibrium potentials, which suppresses lithium metal formation on the anode surface. Among the candidates, $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$ is a very interesting intercalation compound with safe operation, high rate capability, no volume change, and excellent cycleability. But the insulating character of $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$ has raised concerns about its electrochemical performance. The initial insulating character associated with Ti4+ in $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$ limits the electronic transfer between particles and to the external circuit, thereby worsening its high rate performance. In order to overcome these weak points, several alternative synthetic methods are highly required. Hence, in this presentation, novel ways using a synergetic strategy based on 1D architecture and surface coating will be introduced to enhance the kinetic property of Ti-based electrode. In addition, first-principle calculation will prove its significance to design Ti-based electrode for the most optimized electrochemical performance.

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DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A PHANTOM FOR MULTI-PURPOSE DOSIMETRY IN INTENSITY-MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY

  • Jeong, Hae-Sun;Han, Young-Yih;Kum, O-Yeon;Kim, Chan-Hyeong;Park, Joo-Hwan
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제43권4호
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    • pp.399-404
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    • 2011
  • A LEGO-type multi-purpose dosimetry phantom was developed for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), which requires various types of challenging dosimetry. Polystyrene, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polyurethane foam (PU-F) were selected to represent muscle, fat, bone, and lung tissue, respectively, after considering the relevant mass densities, elemental compositions, effective atomic numbers, and photon interaction coefficients. The phantom, which is composed of numerous small pieces that are similar to LEGO blocks, provides dose and dose distribution measurements in homogeneous and heterogeneous media. The phantom includes dosimeter holders for several types of dosimeters that are frequently used in IMRT dosimetry. An ion chamber and a diode detector were used to test dosimetry in heterogeneous media under radiation fields of various sizes. The data that were measured using these dosimeters were in disagreement when the field sizes were smaller than $1.5{\times}1.5\;cm^2$ for polystyrene and PTFE, or smaller than $3{\times}3\;cm^2$ for an air cavity. The discrepancy was as large as 41% for the air cavity when the field size was $0.7{\times}0.7\;cm^2$, highlighting one of the challenges of IMRT small field dosimetry. The LEGO-type phantom is also very useful for two-dimensional dosimetry analysis, which elucidates the electronic dis-equilibrium phenomena on or near the heterogeneity boundaries.

이산시간 전압모드 CMOS 혼돈 발생회로의 특성해석 (Characteristic Analysis of the Discrete Time Voltage Mode CMOS Chaos Generative Circuit)

  • 송한정;곽계달
    • 전자공학회논문지SC
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    • 제37권3호
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    • pp.55-62
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    • 2000
  • 0.8㎛ single poly CMOS 집적회로로 구현된 이산시간 전압모드 혼돈 발생회로의 동작특성을 분석하였다. 회로내 비선형 함수 블록에 대한 선형근사식을 유도하여, 실험적으로 제작한 혼돈 발생회로의 해석이 가능하도록 하였다. 혼돈상태 판별의 주요 지표인, 입력변수에 따른 분기도를 구하였고 초기값 의존성을 보여 주는 리아프노프 지수도 계산하였다. 뿐만 아니라 상태조건, 즉 평형상태, 주기상태, 혼돈상태에 따라 나타나는 시간파형 및 상태천이관계 그리고 주파수특성을 보여주는 전력스펙트럼도 구하여 상호 연관성을 보였다. 한편 집적화 된 혼돈 발생회로를 ±2.5V 전원, 10㎑의 클럭으로 구동시켜 입력전압에 따른 분기도를 측정하였고, 상태조건에 따라 다르게 나타나는 시간파형의 측정과 이의 전력스펙트럼 분석도 실시하여 해석결과와 비교하였다.

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Structural and Magnetic Properties of Monomeric and Dimeric Copper(II) Complexes with Phenyl-N-[(pyridine-2-yl)methylene]methaneamide

  • Lee, Hong-Woo;Sengottuvelan, Nallathambi;Seo, Hoe-Joo;Choi, Jae-Soo;Kang, Sung-Kwon;Kim, Young-Inn
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제29권9호
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    • pp.1711-1716
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    • 2008
  • The reaction of copper(II) chloride with phenyl-N-[(pyridine-2-yl)methylene]methaneamide (ppmma) leads to a new $\mu$ -chloro bridged dimeric [Cu(ppmma)$Cl_2$]$_2$ complex, whereas a reaction of copper(II) bromide with ppmma affords a monomeric Cu(ppmma)$Br_2$ complex. Both complexes have been characterized by X-ray crystallography and electronic absorption spectroscopy. The crystal structural analysis of [Cu(ppmma)$Cl_2$]$_2$ shows that the two Cu(II) atoms are bridged by two chloride ligands, forming a dimeric copper(II) complex and the copper ion has a distorted square-pyramidal geometry ($\tau$ = 0.2). The dimer units are held through a strong intermolecular $\pi-\pi$ interactions between the nearest benzyl rings. On the other hand, Cu(ppmma)Br2 displayed a distorted square planar geometry with two types of strong intermolecular π-π interaction. EPR spectrum of [Cu(ppmma)$Cl_2$]$_2$ in frozen glas s at 77 K revealed an equilibrium between the mononuclear and binuclear species. The magnetic susceptibilities data of [Cu(ppmma)$Cl_2$]$_2$ and Cu(ppmma)$Br_2$ follow the Curie-Weiss law. No significant intermolecular magnetic interactions were examined in both complexes, and magnetic exchange interactions are discussed on the basis of the structural features.

자동차 폐타이어로부터 발달된 탄소질 흡착제에 의한 Cd의 흡착 (Adsorption of Cd on Carbonaceous Adsorbent Developed from Automotive Waste Tire)

  • 김연정;우은정;최종하;홍용표;김대익;유건상
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제61권6호
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    • pp.339-345
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    • 2017
  • 자동차 폐타이어 분말(WTP)을 질소분위기 하에서 2시간 동안 $400^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 열처리하여 탄소질 흡착제(CA-WTP)로 만들고, 이들에 대한 열 중량 분석, 에너지 변환 X-선 분석, 주사전자 현미경, 비표면적 측정, 적외선 분광기들을 통해 특성을 파악한 후, 수중의 Cd의 제거를 위한 흡착제로서 시험하였다. 열처리한 CA-WTP는 WTP보다도 매우 높은 비표면적과 총 세공부피 그리고 Cd에 대해 높은 흡착효율을 나타내었다. 흡착의 평형 데이터는 Freundlich와 Langmuir 흡착 등온선 모델을 이용하여 평가하였고, 위 두 흡착 등온선 모두 0.95보다 큰 상관계수($R^2$) 값을 나타내었다. 연구의 결과는 열처리 한 폐타이어 분말(CA-WTP)이 수중으로부터 Cd을 흡착하는데 효율적인 흡착제로 사용될 수 있다는 것을 보였다.

콩의 탈습 평형함수율/평형상대습도 (Desorption EMC/ERH of Soybean)

  • 최병민
    • 한국식품저장유통학회지
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    • 제15권1호
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    • pp.74-78
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    • 2008
  • 콩(품종 : 태광)에 증류수를 가수한 후 $40^{\circ}C$의 오븐에서 함수율 $6.74{\sim}28.87%(db)$ 사이의 구간에서 5수준의 일정한 함수율로 건조하여 탈습 시료를 조제한 다음 온도를 $10^{\circ}C$씩 증가시키며 5수준(5, 15, 21, 35, $45^{\circ}C$)에서 평형상대습도를 측정하고, 농산물의 평형함수율/평형상대습도 예측에 많이 쓰이고 있는 수정 Henderson 모델, 수정 Chung-Pfost 모델, 수정 Halsey 모델, 수정 Oswin 모델, 수정 GAB 모델에 대하여 실험상수를 구하고, 결정계수와 F값 및 평균상대오차율을 기준으로 하여 예측모델로서의 적합성을 검정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 콩은 함수율이 16.70%(db) 이하의 시료에서 온도가 낮을수록 그리고 함수율이 낮을수록 평형상대습도가 낮은 값을 나타냈으며, 함수율 28.87%(db)의 시료에서는 온도가 높아짐에 따라 평형상대습도 값이 낮아지는 현상을 보였다. 콩의 흡습 평형함수율 및 평형상대습도의 예측에는 본 실험에서 선정 분석한5개의 모델 모두사용 가능하나, 수정 GAB 모델이 평형함수율 예측과 평형상대습도 예측에 가장 적합하였다.

Band structure, electron-phonon interaction and superconductivity of yttrium hypocarbide

  • Dilmi, S.;Saib, S.;Bouarissa, N.
    • Current Applied Physics
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    • 제18권11호
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    • pp.1338-1344
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    • 2018
  • Band parameters and superconductivity of yttrium hypocarbide ($Y_2C$) have been investigated. The computations are performed using first-principles pseudopotential method within a generalized gradient approximation. The equilibrium lattice parameters have been determined and compared with experiment. Moreover, the material of interest is found to be stiffer for strains along the a-axis than those along the c-axis. A band-structure analysis of $Y_2C$ implied that the latter has a metallic character. The examination of Eliashberg Spectral Function indicates that Y-related phonon modes as well as C-related phonon modes are considerably involved in the progress of scattering of electrons. By integrating this function, the value of the average electron-phonon coupling parameter (${\lambda}$) is found to be 0.362 suggesting thus that $Y_2C$ is a weak coupling Bardeen-Copper-Schrieffer superconductor. The use of a reasonable value for the effective Coulomb repulsion parameter (${\mu}^*=0.10$) yielded a superconducting critical temperature $T_c$ of 0.59 K which is comparable with a previous theoretical value of 0.33 K. Upon compression (at pressure of 10 GPa) ${\lambda}$ and $T_c$ are increased to be 0.366 and 0.89 K, respectively, showing thus the pressure effect on the superconductivity in $Y_2C$. The spin-polarization calculations showed that the difference in the total energy between the magnetic and non-magnetic $Y_2C$ is weak.