• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.802-812
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• 1998

고전압 발/ 변전소의 근무자나 송전선 작업자 및 주변거주자가 전계 노출에 안전해야 함은 중요한 일이다. 본 논문에서는 복잡하고 계산시간이 많이 소요되는 인체의 3차원 유도전류를 계산하기 위해 전압원(송전선 로)의 효과적인 모델링 기법을 사용하여 전압원과 피유도체를 분리하지 않고 직접 3차원 정전용량을 구함으 로써 불평등 전계하의 임의의 3차원 공간상에서도 인체에 미치는 유도전류 해석이 가능한 장접을 갖도록 하 였다. 사례연구로 본 연구에서 제안한 알고리즘을 765 kV급 초고압 송전선로에 적용하여 인체 유도 안전 성을 평가한 결과 765 kV 송전선에서 인체의 단락전류는 인체의 위치에 따라 0.3 mA에서 6.8 mA로 분포 되었다. 특히, 송전선로에서 활선 작업시 단락전류 $I_{sc}$의 크기는 ANSI 허용기준인 5 mA를 념을 수 있어 활 선 작업시 작업자의 전계의 방호 대책을 위해서는 도전물질로 구성된 보호복이 필요함을 알 수 있었다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.271-277
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• 2006

In this study, we investigated the applicable plan of GIS on the environmental impact assessment of 60 Hz Powerline. So we assessed distance data based on calculations by use of 2D and 3D Geographical information systems(GIS) and distance data based on measurements on 1: 5000 maps accord with on site distance measurements to use input data for calculating magnetic field. One hundred eight of the on site measured addresses were selected from residences. The data were achieved by measuring the distance between residence and power line on maps with scales of 1: 5000. The digital map was obtained from National Geographic Information Institute with scales of 1: 5000, and we made 2D and 3D map. Correlation analyses were performed for statistical analyses. For the 3D GIS versus on site comparison of different exposure categories, 70 of 108 measurements were assigned to the correct category. Similarly for 2D GIS versus on site comparison, 71 of 108 were correctly categorized. When comparing map measurement with on site measurement, 62 of 108 were correctly categorized. When the correlation analysis was performed, best correlation was found between 3D GIS and on site measurements with r = 0.84947 (p<0.0001). The correlation between map and on site measurement yielded an r of 0.76517 (p<0.0001). Since the GIS measurements and map measurement were made from the center point in the building and the on site measurements had to be made from the closest wall on the building, this might introduce and additional error in urban areas. The difference between 2D and 3D calculations were resulted from the height of buildings.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.770-775
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• 2014

According to ICNIRP guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields up to 300GHz, magnetic flux density which range from 3Hz to 150kHz are regulated to lower than $6.25{\mu}T$. In order to comply with its standard, OLEV(On-Line Electric Vehicle) have been designed considering EMF(Electro-Magnetic Field) reduction. However, if a current flowing in power line would be bigger for increasing power transfer efficiency, the established shield system no longer acts their role properly. In this paper, therefore, FCCL(Flexible Copper Clad Laminate) is applied to power line and pick-up devices to solve the problems. Though, the FCCL is normally utilized to insulator on circuit board, because of its high heat resistance characteristic, flexibility and thin properties, it makes effectiveness in the shielding device as well. 4 types of FCCL shielding structure are introduced to power line and pick-up devices. From the results, the FCCL which are placed in proposed positions shows maximum EMF reduction compared to the established shielding structure. Henceforth, if OLEV is applied FCCL shielding structure in practice, it will not only be more safe but also step forward to commercialization near future.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.46-54
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• 1999

최근 전자환경은 가전 제춤의 보급과 전력소비의 증가와 더불어 변화되고 잇다. 대부분 관심이 집중되고 있는 자료들은 전력 주파수의 전장과 자장의 노출된 인체에 미치는 영향에 대해 많은 관심이 집중되고 있으며, 이에 대한 정확한 측정과 분석이 요구되고 있다 본 논문에서는 22.9[kV] 배전선로에 발생하는 극저주파 영역의 전장과 자장의 측정과 분석이 수행되었고, 배전선로를 가로지르는 방법으로 측정하였으며, 측정값과 비교를 위해 FIELDS 프로그램을 사용하여 이론적으로 계산하였다. 전장과 자장의 세기는 배전선로 아래에서 강하였고, 횡방향 거리에 반비례하여 감소하였다. 전장의 분포곡선은 M자형태이고 자장은 $\bigcap$자 형태이었으며, 측정값은 이론값고 거의 흡사한 양상을 보였다. 그리고, 전장과 자장의 세기는 모두 측정높이가 증가함에 따라 강하게 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 전장의 분포는 3상 도체의 배치에 의해 영향을 받으며 자장의 분포 특성은 상전류의 불평형에 의해 최대값이 중앙점으로부터 이동되는 것을 알았다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.457-462
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• 2002

Low Electromagnetic Field (EMF) intensity in the range of $1{\mu}T\;to\;10{\mu}T$(Tesla) was found to enhance the growth of CHO cells and the production of tPA in batch and perfusion cultivations. At $1{\mu}T\;intensity,\;1.3{\times}10^7$ viable cells/ml of maximum cell density and 80 mg/l of maximum tPA production were obtained in batch cultivation, compared to $2.8{\times}10^6$ viable cells/ml and 59 mg tPA/1 in unexposed case (control). A similar trend was observed in the perfusion process, where it was possible to obtain $1.2{\times}10^7$ viable cells/ml of maximum cell density and 81 mg tPA/l of maximum tPA production by more than 80 days of cultivation. However, there was not much difference between $1{\mu}T\;and\;10{\mu}T$ in perfusion cultivation, possibly due to better environmental growth conditions being maintained by continuous feeding of fresh medium into the reactor. On the contrary, both cell growth and tPA production were severely inhibited at higher than 1 mT intensity, showing no growth at 10 mT exposure. Specific growth rate was linearly correlated to specific tPA production rate at $1{\mu}T$EMF intensity, which represents a partially growth-related relationship. It was also found that a large amount of $Ca^2+$ was released at low EMF intensity, even though the cell growth was not much affected. Low EMF intensity significantly improved both cell growth and tPA production, and tPA production seemed to be more affected than the cell growth, possibly due to the changes of cell membrane characteristics. It can be concluded that the elaboration of EMF intensity less than $10{\mu}T$ could improve cell growth and tPA production, but mainly tPA secretion through batch or perfusion process in a bioreactor.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.182-190
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• 2015

Objectives: To introduce a protocol of Mobi-kids study which was aimed to examine an association between radiofrequency (RF) radiation exposure by mobile phone use and brain tumor risk in children and adolescents. Methods: The Mobi-kids study was a multinational matched case control study using a standardized protocol with the number of subjects targeted about 1,000 cases and 2,000 controls aged 10 to 24. In Mobi-Kids Korea, the source population was restricted to Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do province. Eligible cases of primary brain tumor (glioma, meningioma, and others) were diagnosed from January 2012 to June 2015. Eligible controls were appendicitis patients operated during the study period. Two controls were matched on age, gender, and study region for 1 case. Information about pattern and history of mobile phone use and other covariates were obtained by face to face interview by trained interviewer. The Mobi-kids study has been involved in Mobi-expo as a validation study about mobile phone use, XGridmaster to localize tumor in the brain for RF energy calculation, and histological review for validation of diagnosis. Results: The Mobi-kids was the first and largest study in children and adolescents to estimate risk of brain tumor in association with the RF energy absorption in the brain estimated by mobile phone use. Forty-six-cases and 54 controls were collected as of September 2014 in Korea. Conclusions: The meaningful results of the study were expected because of the largest sample size, high validity of EMF exposure assessment as well as the susceptible study populationof children and adolescents.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.471-473
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• 2002

Public concerns associated with the electromagnetic field (EMF) exposures from mobile phones on human body are increased. Although studies on the effects of the EMF exposures on human have been carried out for a long time, it is not proved yet whether the EMF effect is harmful or not. Based on the scientific results by experts, EMF exposure limits have been regulated as a precautionary approach on the assumption that the EMF effect may be harmful. It is well known that absorbed EMF can be transformed into heat within biological tissues and that thermal effects are related with the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution. However, the relative magnitude and distribution of the energies are not well defined. Although there is comprehensive information of the thermal effects, most of them come from animal and in vitro studies. Considerable efforts have been made to analyze the EMF absorption model while the actual temperature in the human body has been rarely measured. Temperature changes on the face of a healthy male volunteer were studied. A digital mobile phone of 1.8GHz was used. A digital infrared imaging system (IRIS-5000, Medicore, Seoul, Korea) was applied to take infrared pictures of the face every minute while the volunteer talked over the mobile phone for 20 minutes. The specification of the imaging system was as follows: Temperature resolution = 0.1$^{\circ}C$; Range of temperature measurement = 17～40$^{\circ}C$; Pixel size = 0.9mm ${\times}$ 0.9mm; Frame time = 2.6s; Active temperature of detector = 77$^{\circ}$K. The result showed that temperature of the ear region was increased during the phone call and the region of the temperature increase on the face was expanded as the phone call time increased. Further study is necessary to investigate the temperature rise analytically and quantitatively.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.382-390
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 저주파 대역 자기유도방식 상용 무선충전기기에 대해 특정 노출 조건을 고려하여 인체영향을 평가하였다. 상용 무선충전기기는 WPC(Wireless Power Consortium)에서 제안하는 Qi 규격 중 A10 모델을 대상으로 했으며, 155 kHz의 공진 주파수에서 5 W의 출력으로 동작한다. 송 수신기가 완벽히 정렬된 상태에서, 기기로부터 방사되는 누설 자기장은 기기의 측면에서 최대 $257.58{\mu}T$로 ICNIRP 2010 기준인 $27{\mu}T$보다 7.4배 초과하는 세기를 보였다. SAR(Specific Absorption Rate)는 젖은 피부의 전기적 상수를 적용한 균질 인체팬텀을 이용해 평가하였으며, 마찬가지로 기기의 측면에서 대략 $134.47{\mu}W/kg$으로 최댓값을 보였지만, 10 g 평균 SAR 국제 기준인 4 W/kg에 상당히 못 미치는 수준이었다. 오정렬 상태를 고려한 노출 조건에서 SAR는 대략 $199.43{\mu}W/kg$으로 일반적 노출 조건보다 대략 48 % 이상 증가했고, 이를 통해 무선전력전송 시스템의 인체영향을 평가할 때 오정렬 상태 또한 중요하게 고려할 필요가 있음을 확인하였다.

• 과학기술학연구
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.119-166
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• 2019

일상 공간을 가득 메우고 있는 다양한 종류의 전자파. 그중에서도 송전선에서 발생하는 전자파의 위험성은 고압 송전탑이 건설될 때마다 여러 차례 논란이 되었는데, 이때 대안으로 떠오른 것이 바로 송전선을 땅속에 묻는 송전선로 지중화(地中化)였다. 하지만 2014년 서울의 한 초등학교 과학 교사가 지중 송전선로 구간의 전자파 측정 결과를 환경보건 시민센터에 제보하면서, 송전선로 지중화에 대한 논의는 새로운 국면을 맞이하게 된다. 송전탑보다 지중 송전선로에서 발생하는 전자파가 더 세고, 따라서 더 유해할 수도 있다는 주장이 제기된 것이다. 이후 지중 송전선로 전자파의 위험성을 둘러싸고 벌어진 논쟁에서 환경보건시민센터와 국립환경과학원은 눈에 보이지 않는 전자파 위험의 지형을 서로 다르게 재현해냈다. 이에 본 논문은 양측이 전자파를 측정할 때 측정 지점, 측정기기, 측정 높이의 측면에서 어떤 차이를 보였으며, 나아가 측정값의 의미를 해석하고 그것을 지도나 표로 재현하는 과정에서 다양한 종류의 표준들(인체보호기준, 측정의 국제 가이드라인, 발암물질 그룹 분류)을 어떻게 동원했는지를 살펴본다. 서울의 지중 송전선로에서 발생하는 전자파를 두고 벌어진 이와 같은 위험 논쟁은 그동안 주목받지 못했던, 전자파 장기 노출의 비열적 영향에 대한 관심을 불러일으키는 것이었으며, 송전선로 지중화가 과연 전자파 문제의 해결책인지에 대해서도 의문을 갖게 하는 것이었다. 나아가 이는 송전선로 지중화율이 약 90%에 육박하는 서울이라는 공간이 안전하게 관리되는 일상 공간인지, 통제되지 않는 위험한 공간인지에 대해 상충되는 대답을 암시하는 것이기도 했다.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제3권호
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• pp.54-70
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• 1993

According as the automation of clerical work(OA ; Office Automation) develops, the use of VDT(Visual or Video Display Terminal) is increasing suddenly. But, in proportion to the spread of office automation(OA tendency), the self-conciousness syptom attendant upon the work is appearing also (Kim, Jung Tae, Lee, Young Ook, 1990). The apparatuses of office enable the clerical workers to be convenient and perform mass businesses. But, they are increasing the opportunity to be exposed to VDT syndrom, techno stress, computer terminal disease, pain by muscle strain(RSI), bradycausia of noise nature, and electromagnetic waves, etc. which are referred to as the new type of occupational diseases to the workers. It is the real situation that the workers to use VDT is complaining of the physical inconvenience sense in the recent newspaper and literature, it is the point of time that the sydrome to come from VDT use and computer terminal disease, etc. must be classified into the occupational disease(Lee, Kwang Young 1990, Lee, Kyoo Hak 1990, Lee, Won Ho 1991, Lee, Si Young 1991, Lee, Joon 1991, Choi, Young Tae 1991, Heo, Seung Ho 1989). In addition, it is the real situation that the scientifitic study result about the scope that electromagnetic waves has influence on the human body has not been suggested yet, and criticism on the stable exposure permission standard about electromagnetic waves to be emitted from VDT and on the problem in the health about electromagnetic waves is continuing. (IEEE Spectrum, 1990). In addition according to the experience of nursery business of industry field, it is the real situation that the patients who consult complaining of physical and mental inconvenience sence, among the users of apparatus of office automation, are reaching 10% of the patients coming to doctor's room. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complain of multilaterally with the actual state examination about the use of the apparatuses of offices automaton. Thus, this study was tried as th basic data for the cosultation and education for the maintenance and furtherance of the health of workers as the nurse of industry field, by confirming the contents of self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of the apparatus for office outomation making the financial institution in which the spparatus for office automation in most frequently used as the subject, and by examining whether there is the difference according to the subject of study, the data were collected, by using the questionnaire method, making 200 workers who consented to the study participation as the subject, among the persons who have spent over 3 months since they used the apparatuses for office automation and didn't receive the treatment in hospital due to the clerical disease for recent 3 years. The period of data collection was from Oct. 9, 1991 to Oct. 12. As for the measurement instrument about the complaint if self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of apparatuses fo office automation, the question item on the complaint symptom of health problem attendant upon the treatment of VDT that Kim(1991) developed and on CMI health problem and the question items on the fatigue degree due to industry were used by previous examination to 25 persons. Collected data were analyzed with the statistical method such as percentage, arithmetic mean, Person correlation coeffient, Kai square verfication, t-test, ANOVA, etc. by using SPSS/PC+ program, and the result is as follows : 1. The self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complained of most frequetly appeared high in 'My eyes are tired'(99.4%), 'I feel fatigue and weariness'(99.4%), 'I feel that my head is heavy5(90.0%), 'eyesight fell'(88.8%), 'I have a stiff neck'(88.8%), 'I fell pain in the shoulder'(85.0%), 'I feel cold and painful in the eyes'(76.9%), 'I feel the dry sense of eyeball'(76.2%), 'My nerves are edgy, and I an fretful, (75.6%), 'I feel pain in the waist'(73.2%) and 'I fell pain in the back'(72.8%). It emerged that the subject use the apparatuses for office automation complained of self-consciousness symptoms related to visual symptoms and musculoskeletal symptoms. 2. As for the general feature of examination subjects, the result to see the distribution by classifying into sex, age, school career, use career of apparatuses for office automation, skillfulness degree of the use of apparatus for office automation, use hours of the apparatuses for office automation per 1 day, type of business of the apparatus for office automation, rest hours during the use of apparatus for office automation, satifaction degree of business of office automation, and work circumstance, etc. emerged as follows : As for the sex of subjects, the distribution showed that men were 58.8% and women were 41.3%, Age was average 26.9. As the distribution of school career, the distribution showed that4below the graduation of high school' was 58.8%, 'graduation from junior college-university' was 35.0%, and 'over graduate school' was 6.3%. In the question to ask the existence or non-existence of experience of health consultation in connection with the work of office automation, the response that I had the consultation exprience and I feel the necessity emergerd as 90.1% And, the case that the subject who didn't wear the glasses or lens before using the OA apparatus wear glasses or lens after using OA apparatus emerged as 28.3% of whole. As for the existence or non-existence of use career of OA apparatus, the case under 3 years was highest as 52. 7%. As for the skillfulnness degree about the use of apparatus for office automation, most of them are skillful with the fact that 'common' was 44.4%, 'skill' was 42.5%, and 'unskillful' was 13.1% As for the use average hours of the apparatus for office automation per 1 day, the distribution showed that the case under 3-6 hours was 33.1%, the case under 6-9 hours was 28.1%, the case under 3 hours was 30.6%, and the case over 9 hours was 8.1% Main OA business and the use hours for 1 day showed in the order of keeping and retrieval, business of information transmission(162min), business of information transmission(79.3 min), business of document framing(55.5 min), and business of duplication and printing(25.4min). as for the rest during the use of apparatus for affice automation, that I take rest occasion demands the major portion, but that I take after completing the work emerged as 33.8%. Though the subiness gets to be convenient by the use of the apparatus for of office automation, respondents who showed the dissatisfaction about the present OA business emergd high as 78.1%. The work circumstances of each office was good with the fact that the temperature of office was 21.8, noise was average 42.7db, and the illumination was average 364.4 lx, in the light of ANSi/HFS 100 Standard. 3. Sight syptom, musculoskeletal symptom, skin and other symptoms showed the significant difference according to the extent of skillfulness of the apparatus for office automation. All the symptoms exept skin symptom showed the difference according to the use hours of the apparatus for office automation. All the question items exept the sytoms of digestive organs and the rest hours during the apparatus for office automation showed the signicant difference. The question item which showed the signicant difference from the satisfaction degree of present OA business showed the significant difference from all the question item classified into 6 groups. But, age and school career didn't significant difference from the complaint of any self-consciousness symptoms.