• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.98-110
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• 2018

The fragrance has a great influence on consumers' cognition, emotional response, attitude, memory, and behavior since the human sense of fragrance is physically and neurologically closer to the hippocampus of the brain. The fragrance materials are exposed to humans ranging from skin interaction to inhalation. We have lots of stories and literature on the usage of fragrance in everyday life in Korea from the Dangun myth to present K-beauty cosmetics. In Korean history, such archives as Dong-Eui-Bo-Gam and Gyu-Gak-Chong-Seo at Joseon Dynasty clearly recorded the application of many weeds for the manufacture of various fragrance products. In recent times, fragrances in weeds have been being applied to touch the consumer's feelings. The present mini-review is an attempt to introduce and discuss fragrant weeds in the archives and in science journals, effects of fragrant weeds on the human electroencephalographic activity, and effects of fragrance on the behavior of consumers. This review could be useful for the development of natural cosmetic and perfumery products from fragrant weeds.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2015

Objectives The power spectral analysis of electroencephalogram has been widely used to reveal the pathophysiology of the alcoholic brain. However, the results were not consistent and the three dimensional study can be hardly found. The purpose of this study was to investigate characteristics of the three dimensional electroencephalographic (EEG) activity of alcohol dependent patients using standardized low resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA). Methods The participants consisted of 30 alcohol dependent patients and 30 normal healthy controls. All the participants were males who had refrained from alcohol at least one month and were not taking any medications. Thirty two channel EEG data was collected in the resting state with eyes-closed condition during 30 seconds. The three dimensional data was compared between two groups using sLORETA for delta, theta, alpha, beta1, beta2, and beta3 frequency bands. Results sLORETA revealed significantly increased brain cortical activity in alpha, beta1, beta2, and beta3 bands each in alcohol dependent patients compared to normal controls. The voxels showing the maximum significance were in the left transverse temporal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, left anterior cingulate, and left fusiform gyrus in alpha, beta1, beta2, and beta3 bands respectively. Conclusions These results suggest that chronic alcohol intake may cause neurophysiological changes in cerebral activity. Therefore, the measuring of EEG can be helpful in understanding the pathophysiology of cognitive impairements in alcohol dependence.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.51-60
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• 2014

This double-blind study, as a human experiment of nonlocality, investigated the effects of senders' intention on the central nervous system of a distant human receiver and it explored the roles that motivation might have in modulating these effects. Whole brain activity was measured in the receiver whom was asked to relax in a distant room for 16 minutes; the sending person directed intention of oneness toward the receiver during repeated variable-second epochs separated by variable-second non-intention epochs. The total length of intention epochs and that of nonintention epochs were balanced. Eighteen sessions were conducted. In 9 of those sessions, the sender was the receiver's lover. In another 9 of those sessions, the sender was just acquainted with the receiver before the session. The receiver's whole brain activity recorded during the intention epochs were compared with the same measures recorded during the nonintention epochs used as controls. The statistical difference between the intentions versus controls across 18 sessions was examined by paired-t test. In addition, subgroup analysis for the 9 couple sessions and 9 non-couple sessions were additionally examined by the same test. The effect of distant intentionality decreased slow waves or increased EEG fast waves mainly in frontal regions, and increased EEG coherence during the intention epochs. The effects was not statistically significant after Bonferroni correction, but the couple sessions combined showed the largest effect followed by all sessions combined. Non-couple sessions combined showed the smallest effect. The changes in EEG power mean that receiver participants became more alert during the intention epochs and the change in EEG coherence might be evidence of coherent heart influence on EEG activity. Planned comparison with specific hypothesis testing for the suggested changes in this study have to be followed for an evidence of electroencephalographic changes in isolated subjects for the distant mental intention.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1170-1176
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• 2013

Essential oils have been used to treat psychophysiological disorders, but their effects on human electroencephalographic (EEG) activity have not been thoroughly investigated. We evaluated the effects of essential oil of Zizyphus jujuba seeds, a Korean folk medicine known as San-Jo-In, on human EEG activity. For this purpose, essential oil was extracted from San-Jo-In by the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method. The effect of its inhalation on EEG activity was evaluated by measuring the EEG power spectrum (25 indices) in 20 healthy participants. The results of the EEG power spectrum indicated that the values of the theta wave decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the left (from 17.277 to $13.854{\mu}V$) and right parietal (from 15.324 to $13.020{\mu}V$) regions compared to the other regions. During the inhalation of San-Jo-In oil, the EEG spectrum values of fast alpha, relative gamma, and spectral edge frequency increased 50% compared to those before inhalation. The values of the fast alpha wave increased significantly (p<0.05) in the left prefrontal (from 0.063 to $0.085{\mu}V$), right prefrontal (from 0.064 to $0.085{\mu}V$), and left frontal (from 0.073 to $0.100{\mu}V$) regions following inhalation of the San-Jo-In essential oil. The changes in the EEG activities following inhalation of San-Jo-In suggest that the oil can improve psychological well-being by increasing attention and relaxation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.225-230
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• 2001

Intensity of background noise is a factor significantly affecting both subjective evaluation of experienced stress level and associated electroencephalographic (EEG) responses during mental load in noisy environments. In the study on 27 subjects we analyzed the influence of the background white noise (WN) intensity on psychophysiological responses during a word recognition test. Electrocortical activity were recorded during baseline resting state and 40 s long performance on 3 similar Korean word recognition tests with different intensities of background WN (55, 70 and 85 dB).. An important finding in terms of physiological reactivity was similarity of all physiological response profiles between 55 and 70dB WN, i.e., none of physiological variables differentiated the two conditions, while 85dB WN resulted in a significantly different profile of reactions (higher fast beta power in EEG spectra). This condition was characterized by highest subjective rating of experienced stress, had more fast beta activity and had tendency of right hemisphere dominance, emphasizing the role of brain lateralization in negative affect control.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2014.04a
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• pp.992-994
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• 2014

Hemispheric asymmetry in prefrontal activation have been proposed in two decades ago, as measured by electroencephalographic (EEG) power in the theta band (4-8Hz), is related to reactivity to affectively pleasure audio stimuli. In this study, we designed an emotional audio stimulus experiment in order to verify frontal EEG asymmetry by analyzing ERSP results. Thirty healthy college students volunteered the stimulus experiment with the standard IADS affective sounds. These affective sound clips are classified in three emotion states, happy, neutral and fear. ERSP image results revealed that there are the stronger responses of high arousal (fear and happy) in the left prefrontal lobe, while the stronger responses of low arousal (neutral) in the right pre-frontal lobe. However, the high pleasure emotions (happy) can elicit greater relative right EEG activity, while the low and middle pleasure emotions (fear and neutral) can elicit the greater relative left EEG activity. Additionally, the most response differences of theta band have been found out in the medial frontal lobe, which is proved as the frontal midline theta.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.3 no.10
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• pp.451-456
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• 2014

The correlations between electroencephalographic (EEG) spectral power and emotional responses during affective sound clip listening are important parameters. Hemispheric asymmetry in prefrontal activation have been proposed in two decades ago, as measured by power value, is related to reactivity to affectively pleasure audio stimuli. In this study, we designed an emotional audio stimulus experiment in order to verify frontal EEG asymmetry by analyzing Event-related Spectral Perturbation (ERSP) results. Thirty healthy college male students volunteered the stimulus experiment with the standard IADS(International Affective Digital Sounds) clips. These affective sound clips are classified in three emotion states, high pleasure-high arousal (happy), middle pleasure-low arousal (neutral) and low pleasure-high arousal (fear). The analysis of the data was performed in both theta (4-8Hz) and alpha (8-13Hz) bands. ERSP maps in the alpha band revealed that there are the stronger power responses of high pleasure (happy) in the right frontal lobe, while the stronger power responses of middle-low pleasure (neutral and fear) in the left frontal lobe. Moreover, ERSP maps in the theta band revealed that there are the stronger power responses of high arousal (fear and happy) in the left pre-frontal lobe, while the stronger responses of low arousal (neutral) in the right pre-frontal lobe. However, the high pleasure emotions (happy) can elicit greater relative right EEG activity, while the low and middle pleasure emotions (fear and neutral) can elicit the greater relative left EEG activity. Additionally, the most differences of theta band have been found out in the medial frontal lobe, which is proved as the frontal midline theta. And there are the strongest responses of happy sounds in the alpha band around the whole frontal regions. These results are well suited for emotion recognition, and provide the evidences that theta and alpha powers may have the more important role in the emotion processing than previously believed.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1700-1705
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• 2019

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is also called as aging related memory damage. Decreased cognitive function due to aging is known to be associated with the frontal lobe. Alpha wave is generated in the dominance in the frontal lobe or a wide range of regions in the brain, it should be doubted that the brain function might be degraded. Objective: To determine the effect of sensory stimulation type on learning and brain activity pattern of elderly persons with MCI. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial (single blind) Methods: Twenty elderly persons aged more than 65 with MCI were randonmized to simultaneous visual/auditory stimulation group (SVASG) and or auditory stimulation group (ASG). Ten peoples were assigned to each group and lectroencephalogram test was performed to individuals. In the electroencephalogram test, electroencephalography of prior to sensory stimulation, and during sensory stimulation were measured to compare brain activity pattern according to the study groups and measurement period. Results: The relative alpha power due to a sensory stimulation type showed that the SVASG significantly decreased in the left frontal lobe and the left parietal lobe statistically compared to those of the ASG while sensory stimulation was given (p<.05). The relative beta power due to a sensory stimulation type showed that the SVASG significantly increased in the left and right frontal lobes, the left and right parietal lobes, and the left temporal lobe statistically compared to those of the ASG while sensory stimulation was given (p<.05). Conclusions: Electroencephalographic analysis showed that the type of sensory stimulation can affect the brain activity pattern. However, the effects were not studied that which brain activity pattern help to improved cognitive function of elderly persons with mild cognitive impairment.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.13-26
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• 2007

Background: Neurofeedback is an electroencephalographic biofeedback technique for training individuals to alter their brain activity via operant conditioning. Also neurofeedback is a form of behavioural training aimed at developing skills for brain activity. Within the past decade, several neurofeedback studies have been published that tend to overcome the methodological shortcomings of earlier studies. This research describes the methodical basis of neurofeedback and reviews the evidence base for its clinical efficacy and effectiveness in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: In neurofeedback training, self-regulation of specific aspects of electrical brain activity is acquired by means of immediate feedback and positive reinforcement. In frequency training, activity in different EEG frequency bands has to be decreased or increased. Slow cortical potentials (SCPs) training is focused on the regulation of cortical excitability. Results: Neurofeedback studies revealed training-specific effects on, for example, attention and memory processes and performance improvements in real-life conditions, in healthy subjects as well as in patients. In several studies it was shown that ADHD symptomatology was reduced after frequency training or SCP(Slow cortical potentials) training. Moreover a decrease of impulsivity errors and an increase of the contingent negative variation. Conclusions: This research provides evidence for both positive behavioural and specific neurophysiological effects of neurofeedback training. Also there is growing evidence for neurofeedback as a valuable module in neuropsychiatric disorders. Further, controlled studies are warranted.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.838-842
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• 2007

A brain-computer interface(BCI) system is a communication channel which transforms a subject's thought process into command signals to control various devices. These systems use electroencephalographic signals or the neuronal activity of many single neurons. The presented study deals with an efficient analysis method of neuronal signals from a BCI System using an independent component analysis(ICA) algorithm. The BCI system was implemented to generate event signals coding movement information of the subject. To apply the ICA algorithm, we obtained the perievent histograms of neuronal signals recorded from prefrontal cortex(PFC) region during target-to-goal(TG) task trials in the BCI system. The neuronal signals were then smoothed over 5ms intervals by low-pass filtering. The matrix of smoothed signals was then rearranged such that each signal was represented as a column and each bin as a row. Each column was also normalized to have a unit variance. As a result, we verified that different patterns of the neuronal signals are dependent on the target position and predefined event signals.