• 한국표면공학회지
• /
• 제56권5호
• /
• pp.320-327
• /
• 2023

In this study, the nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)₂) electrode for supercapacitor was prepared via hydrothermal method. Based on the nickel (Ni) foam, the electrode does not require any additional binder material or post-processing. Nickel nitrate (Ni(NO₃)₂) and hexamethylenetetramine (C₆H₁₂N₄) were used for synthesis, and the synthesis condition was 12 hours at 80 ℃. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were used to analyze the structural characteristics of the electrode, and it shown that the nickel hydroxide was successfully prepared after only the one-step hydrothermal synthesis. The electrochemical properties were analyzed through the half-cell test. The prepared electrode shown a pair of oxidation/reduction peaks, indicating that the driving method included the redox reaction on the electrode surface. After the charge/discharge test, the specific capacitance was calculated as the value of 438 F/g at 3 A/g.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.64-71
• /
• 2024

The objective of this study was to investigate corrosion and cavitation-erosion characteristics of the electroless nickel plating layer with heat treatment. The crystallization temperature of the electroless nickel plating layer was about 410 ℃. The phase transformation energy was confirmed to be 12.66 J/g. With increasing heat treatment temperature, the amorphous electroless nickel plating layer gradually changed to crystalline Ni and Ni₃P. At the same time, the crystal grain size was also increased. Additionally, when heat treatment was performed at a temperature above 400 ℃, NiO phase was observed due to oxidation phenomenon. As a result of the electrochemical polarization experiment, the corrosion resistance of the heat-treated electroless nickel plating layers was superior to that of the as-deposited plating layer. This was because crystal grains became larger and grain boundaries decreased during heat treatment. The cavitation-erosion resistance of heat-treated plating layers tended to be superior to that of as-deposited plating layers due to increased microhardness.

• 대한치과보철학회지
• /
• 제42권4호
• /
• pp.333-343
• /
• 2004

Statement of problem: In its preceding work, change in surface characteristics were investigated in consideration that both microtopograpy and macroscopic configuration of implants surface are two of the most important factors, in that they can construct agreeable environment by raising surface energy, to affect osseointegration and biocompatibility explained by cell proliferation. Purpose: This study focused on examining cytocompatibility of dental implants materials Ti-Ag alloys, of which mechanical and electrochemical superiority to cp-Ti or Ti6Al4V were verified, in comparison with that of cp-Ti, and Ti6Al4V. Materials and methods: In this regard, MTT tests for L-929, the fibroblast connective tissues and cell proliferation tests for osteoprogenitor cells, MC3T3-E1 were performed on cp-Ti, Ti6Al4V, and Ti-Ag alloys following thermal oxidation according to appropriate heat treatment temperature(untreated, 400, 600, $800^{\circ}C$) and heat treatment duration(untreated, 0.5, 1, 4 hr). Results: The MTT tests on fibroblasts L-929 resulted in cell viability of over 90% in all experimental group entities, where, especially, the 100% of the viability for Ti-Ag alloys specimens accounted for the slightest adverse effect of ions release from those alloys on the cell. In MC3T3-E1 proliferation tests, the population of cells in the experimental group was roughly increased as experimentation proceeded, after two to four days. Proliferation showed highest viability for most of specimens, including Ti2.0Ag, treated at $600^{\circ}C$. Conclusion: In conclusion, it is the heat treatment temperature, not the duration that has considerable effects on thermal oxidation of specimens. Ti-Ag alloys treated at $600^{\circ}C$ proved to have the best surface morphology as well as cytocompatibility when compared with Ti or Ti6Al4V for short-term biocompatibility tests.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.221-235
• /
• 1988

The purpose of this study was to observe characteristic properties through the polarization curves and EMPA images from 4 different types of amalgam obtained by using the potentiostats (EG & G PARC) & EPMA (Jeol JSM-35), to investigate the degree of corrosion of each phase of amalgam on the oxidation peak, and to identify corrosion products from the corroded amalgam by use of X-ray diffractometer(Rigaku). After each amlgam alloy and Hg were triturated as the direction of the manufacturer by means of the mechanical amalgamator(Shofu), the triturated mass was inserted into the cylindrical metal mold which was 12mm in diameter and 10mm in height and was condensed by means of routine manner. The specimen was removed from the mold and stored at room temperature for about 7 days. The standard surface preparation was routinely carried out. Anodic polarization measurement was employed to compare the corrosion behaviours of the amalgams in 0.9% saline solution(pH6.8~7.0) and artificial saliva (pH6.8~7.0) at $37^{\circ}C$. The open circuit potential was determined after 30 minutes' immersion of specimen in electrolyte and the potential scan was begun at the potential of 100mV cathodic from the corrosion potential. The scan rate was 1mV/sec and the surface area of amalgam exposed to the solution was 0.64$cm^2$ for each specimen. All the potentials reported are with respect to a saturated calomel electrode (SCE). EPMA images on the determined oxidation peaks of each amalgam in artificial saliva were observed. X-ray diffraction patterns of each sample were recorded before and after polarization in artificial saliva (Aristaloy, Caulk Spherical, Dispersalloy and Tytin: at +770mV, +585mV, +8.10m V and +680m V respectively) by use of a recording diffractometer. Nickel filtered Cu $K_{{\alpha}_1}$ radiation was used and sample was scanned at $4^{\circ}(2{\theta})/min.$ from $25^{\circ}$ to $80^{\circ}$. The following results were obtained. 1. Oxidation peak potential in artificial saliva shifted to more anodic direction than that in saline solution. 2. The corrosion potential of high copper amalgam was more anodic than the potential of low copper amalgam. 3. The current density was lower in artificial saliva than in saline solution. 4. One of the corrosion products, AgCl was identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. 5. ${\gamma}_2$ phase was the most susceptible to corrosion and e phase was stable in low copper amalgam and ${\eta}$' phase and Ag-Cu eutectic were susceptible to corrosion in high copper amalgam.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제34권6호
• /
• pp.569-581
• /
• 1990

DMF 용매에서 산소 첨가된 네자리 Schiff base cobalt(III)의 균일 촉매에 의하여 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol의 산화 주생성물인 2,6-ditert-butylbenzoquinone (BQ)일 때에는 O$_2$/Co몰 결합비가 1:1인 superoxo cobalt(III) 착물 곧 [Co(III)(Schiff base)(L)]$O_2$ (Schiff base; SED, SOPD and o-BSDT, L; DMF and Py)들의 활성촉매에 의하여 생긴다. 또, 산화생성물인 3,3',5,5'-tetra-tert-butyldiphenoquinone (DPQ)은 $O_2$/Co의 몰비가 1:2인 $\mu$-peroxo cobalt(III) 착물인 [Co(III)(SND)(L)]$_2$O$_2$ (L; DMF 및 Py)의 활성촉매에 의하여 생성된다. 이들 균일 활성촉매인 superoxo 및 $\mu$-peroxo cobalt(III) 착물들의 확인은 DMF나 DMSO 용매에서는 어렵다. 그러나 pyridine 용매에서는 산소흡착에 의한 PVT 법과 0.1 M TEAP의 지지전해질과 유리질 탄소전극을 사용한 순환 전압전류법으로 1:1 oxygen adduct인 superoxo 착물들은 $O_2$-의 prewave가 없는 3단계 환원과정으로만 일어나는 것으로 확인할 수 있었다.

• 청정기술
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.16-28
• /
• 2016

섬유산업은 염색폐수의 농도가 높고 방출량이 많아 고도의 공해산업으로 알려져 있다. 염색폐수에는 색도물질 뿐만 아니라 다량의 유기화합물과 불용성 물질이 섞여 있다. 합성염료 중 아조(azo) 염료는 특히 오염물질의 배출이 많은 것으로 알려져 있다. 전기화학적 폐수처리방법은 전극의 산화·환원반응에 의해 색도와 유기물 등을 처리하는 방법으로 다른 폐수처리방법들에 비해 반응기가 작고 경제적이고 간단하며 오염물제거속도가 빠르다. 본 연구에서는 diazo 화합물인 CI Direct Blue 15 염색 폐수의 전기화학적 분해특성을 연구하였다. 실험은 전극재질과 조업조건을 달리하여 그에 따른 분해효율을 알아보고자 하였으며, 탈색 효율을 향상시킬 수 있는 최적전극 재질과 조업조건을 알아보고자 하였다. 조업조건으로는 전해질 농도, 전류밀도, 반응 온도, 초기 pH의 영향을 검토하였다. 음극은 stainless steel 전극을 사용하였고, 양극은 graphite와 RuO₂/Ti, PtO₂/Ti, IrO₂/Ti를 사용하여 조업조건에 따른 각 전극의 염색폐수 분해성능 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 전해질의 농도와 전류밀도 증가에 따라 전기분해 효율은 증가하였다. 양극 재질에 따른 전기분해 효율은 산성 전해질 조건에서 RuO₂/Ti > PtO₂/Ti > IrO₂/Ti > graphite 순이었고 중성과 염기성에서는 RuO₂/Ti > IrO₂/Ti > PtO₂/Ti > graphite의 순으로 나타났다. 따라서 염색 폐수의 전기분해 처리에는 RuO₂/Ti와 IrO₂/Ti가 가장 효율적인 양극재질이었다.

• 청정기술
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.77-84
• /
• 2018

리튬이온전지의 음극활물질로 사용되는 $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$를 건식 볼밀법으로 합성하였고, $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$의 전기화학적 특성을 향상시키기 위하여 탄소소재인 polyvinyl chloride (PVC)를 첨가하였다. PVC는 $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$를 합성하고 난 후에 첨가하였을 때 스피넬 구조를 갖는 물질이 잘 합성되었음을 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 실험으로 확인하였다. 합성하기 전에 탄소재를 첨가하여 열처리를 한 경우에는 탄소재가 미량 첨가되더라도 다른 결정구조의 물질이 합성되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 탄소재를 첨가하지 않은 $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$의 경우 전기전도도 값이 약 $10{\mu}S\;m^{-1}$으로 부도체에 가까운 매우 작은 값을 보였다. 탄소를 첨가함에 따라서 전기전도도가 크게 향상되었으며, 압력을 증가시킬 경우에 최대 10,000배 이상 증가되었다. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) 분석결과 탄소를 첨가할 경우 저항에 해당하는 반원의 크기가 감소하였으며, 이는 전극내의 저항이 감소하였음을 보여준다. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) 분석에 의하면 탄소를 첨가할 경우에 산화피크와 환원피크의 전위차가 줄어 들었으며, 이는 리튬이온의 삽입과 탈리의 속도가 증가하였음을 의미한다. PVC를 9.5 wt% 첨가한 물질의 경우, 0.2 C-rate에서 $180mA\;h\;g^{-1}$, 0.5 C-rate에서 $165mA\;h\;g^{-1}$, 5C-rate에서 $95.8mA\;h\;g^{-1}$의 용량을 나타냄으로써 우수한 출력 특성을 보여주었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제27권9호
• /
• pp.1310-1314
• /
• 2006

Sulfur-substituted $LiMn_{0.9}Cr_{0.1}O_{2-x}S_x$ $(0\;\leq\;x\;\leq\;0.1)$ layered oxides have been prepared by solid state reaction under inert atmosphere. From powder X-ray diffraction analyses, all the present lithium manganates were found to be crystallized with monoclinic-layered structure. Electrochemical measurements clearly demonstrated that, in comparison with the pristine $LiMn_{0.9}Cr_{0.1}O_2$, the sulfur-substituted derivatives exhibit smaller discharge capacities for the entire cycle range but the recovery of discharge capacity after the initial several cycles becomes faster upon sulfur substitution. The effect of the sulfur substitution on the chemical bonding nature of $LiMn_{0.9}Cr_{0.1}O_{2-x}S_x$has been investigated using X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) analyses at Mn and Cr K-edges. According to Mn K-edge XAS results, the trivalent oxidation state of manganese ion remains unchanged before and after the substitution whereas the local structure around manganese ions becomes more distorted with increasing the substitution rate of sulfur. On the other hand, the replacement of oxygen with sulfur has negligible influence on the local atomic arrangement around chromium ions, which is surely due to the high octahedral stabilization energy of $Cr^{+III} $ ions. Based on the present experimental findings, we have suggested that the decrease of discharge capacity upon sulfur substitution is ascribable to the enhanced structural distortion of $MnO_6$ octahedra and/or to the formation of covalent Li-S bonds, and the accompanying improvement of cyclability would be related to the depression of Mn migration and/or to the pillaring effect of larger sulfur anion.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.228-236
• /
• 1996

본 연구에서는 고밀집 섬유다발체 내에 수은과 금속이온을 함유한 수용액을 동시에 주입시켜 최소 공간에서 최대한의 수은전극 면적을 갖는 수직형 순환식 수은 모세관 다발체 전극 전해반응 장치가 개발되었다. 이 장치의 특성과 안정성을 평가하기 위해 수은과 수용액의 유량 변화에 따른 철(III)과 우라늄(VI)이온의 환원 voltammogram이 측정되었다. 수용액의 유속은 장치 내 전해반응에 큰 영향을 미쳤으며, 잘 발달된 한계전류를 얻기 위해서는 정밀한 유속조절이 필요하였다. 측정된 voltammogram의 한계전류는 수용액 유속에 선형적으로 비례하였으며, 한계전류를 보이는 전위에서 연속적으로 우라늄(VI)과 철(III) 이온을 100% 환원시킬 수 있었다. 고밀집 섬유집합체 내에서 수은이 모세관 연속체를 유지하는데 필요로 하는 수은유속 이상에서는 수은유속의 변화는 장치 내의 전해반응에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 본 연구에서 개발된 수직형 순환식 수은 모세관 다발체 전극 전해계는 정확히 제어되는 수용액 유량조건에서 수용액 내의 금속이온의 산화수 상태 및 농도의 연속적인 분석 및 전해반응 기구 해석에 효과적으로 사용될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.424-432
• /
• 2019

Planar BiVO₄ and 3 wt% Mo-doped BiVO₄ (abbreviated as Mo:BiVO₄) film were prepared by the facile spin-coating method on fluorine doped SnO₂(FTO) substrate in the same precursor solution including the Mo precursor in Mo:BiVO₄ film. After annealing at a high temperature of 450℃ for 30 min to improve crystallinity, the films exhibited the monoclinic crystalline phase and nanoporous architecture. Both films showed no remarkably discrepancy in crystalline or morphological properties. To investigate the effect of surface passivation exploring the Al₂O₃ layer, the ultra-thin Al₂O₃ layer with a thickness of approximately 2 nm was deposited on BiVO₄ film using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. No distinct morphological modification was observed for all prepared BiVO₄ and Mo:BiVO₄ films. Only slightly reduced nanopores were observed. Although both samples showed some reduction of light absorption in the visible wavelength after coating of Al₂O₃ layer, the Al₂O₃ coated BiVO₄ (Al₂O₃/BiVO₄) film exhibited enhanced photoelectrochemical performance in 0.5 M Na₂SO₄ solution (pH 6.5), having higher photocurrent density (0.91 mA/㎠ at 1.23 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), briefly abbreviated as V_RHE) than BiVO₄ film (0.12 mA/㎠ at 1.23 V_RHE). Moreover, Al₂O₃ coating on the Mo:BiVO₄ film exhibited more enhanced photocurrent density (1.5 mA/㎠ at 1.23 V_RHE) than the Mo:BiVO₄ film (0.86 mA/㎠ at 1.23 V_RHE). To examine the reasons, capacitance measurement and Mott-Schottky analysis were conducted, revealing that the significant degradation of capacitance value was observed in both BiVO₄ film and Al₂O₃/Mo:BiVO₄ film, probably due to degraded capacitance by surface passivation. Furthermore, the flat-band potential (V_FB) was negatively shifted to about 200 mV while the electronic conductivities were enhanced by Al₂O₃ coating in both samples, contributing to the advancement of PEC performance by ultra-thin Al₂O₃ layer.