• Macromolecular Research
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.568-574
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• 2009

We investigated the sintering and consolidation phenomena of silver nanoparticles under various thermal treatment conditions when they were patterned by a contact printing technique on polyimide substrate films. The sintering of metastable silver nanoparticles commenced at 180 $^{\circ}C$, where the point necks were formed at the contact points of the nanoparticles to reduce the overall surface area and the overall surface energy. As the temperature was increased up to 250 $^{\circ}C$, silver atoms diffused from the grain boundaries at the intersections and continued to deposit on the interior surface of the pores, thereby filling up the remaining space. When the consolidation temperature exceeded 270 $^{\circ}C$, the capillary force between the spherical silver particles and polyimide flat surface induced the permanent deformation of the polyimide films, leaving crater-shaped indentation marks. The bonding force between the patterned silver metal and polyimide substrate was greatly increased by the heat treatment temperature and the mechanical interlocking by the metal particle indentation.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.369-372
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• 2009

In the present study, the effect of chemical treatment on graphite nanofibers (GNFs) supports with various concentrated nitric acids was investigated for methanol oxidation. To optimize the electrocatalytic activity, PtRu catalysts were deposited on GNF supports by impregnation method. The surface and structural properties of the GNF supports were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), element analyzer (EA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of the catalysts was observed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrocatalytic activity of PtRu/GNF catalysts was investigated by cyclic voltammetry measurement. As a result, the oxygen functional groups were introduced on the GNF supports and were gradually increased with increasing of concentrated nitric acid, causing the smaller particle size and higher loading level. And the electrocatalytic activity of the catalysts for methanol oxidation was gradually improved. Consequently, it was found that chemical treatments could influence on surface properties of the carbon supports, resulting in enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of the catalysts for DMFCs.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.24-33
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• 2015

This study aims to suggest wastewater treatment options for diaper recycling by identifying characteristic analysis of wastewater from diaper recycling process and efficiency evaluation of wastewater treatment units. The wastewater characteristic analysis showed that the concentration of organic pollutants and ionic materials were very high comparing to seawater. Through the investigation of similar wastewater treatment, six treatment units were identified to reduce pollutants. It is found UF(ultra-filtration), DAF(dissolved air flotation), fenton oxidation, electro-coagulation and chemical-coagulation are effective in reducing organic pollutants while membrane system and ion exchanger are effective in reducing ionic materials. Even though the target of water quality should be secured in terms of managing organic pollutants level, the application of treatment unit for reducing ionic material needs lots of considerations. This result suggests that reuse of pulping wastewater after controlling organic pollutants is better than direct discharge of pulping wastewater. To select the appropriate wastewater treatment unit, an economic analysis about operation condition, wastewater flow, cost, efficiency should be considered.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.756-760
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• 2005

In this study, the effect of $N_2$-plasma treatment on carbon blacks (CBs) was investigated by analyzing acid-base surface values and surface functional groups of CBs. The surface characteristics of the CBs were determined by fourier transformed-infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Boehm's titration method. Electrochemical properties of the plasma-treated CBs-supported Pt (Pt/CBs) catalysts were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments. From the results of FT-IR and acid-base values, $N_2$-plasma treatment at 300 W intensity on the CBs led to the formation of the free radical. The peak intensity was increased with increasing the treatment time due to the formation of new basic functional groups(such as C-N, C=N, $-NH_3{^+}$, -NH, and =NH) by the free radical. Accordingly, the basic values were increased by the basic functional groups. However, after a specific reaction time, $N_2$-plasma treatment could hardly influence change of surface functional groups of CBs, due to the disappearance of free radical. Consequently, it was found that optimal treatment time was 30 second for electro activity of Pt/CBs catalysts.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.142-154
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• 2022

Arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater is one of the main problems in Bangladesh. As toxicity causes serious human health problems such as edema, skin cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer, hyperkeratosis, premature birth, and black foot disease. As contamination in groundwater mainly originates from the geological characteristics of the area due to the influence of anthropogenic activities. Since most of the people in Bangladesh rely on tube well for drinking water, it is necessary to investigate the current status of As pollution and identify the treatment technologies that can be used to provide arsenic-free drinking water in water-scarce areas. A total of 92 papers were reviewed in this study to present a complete overview of the recent status of groundwater As contamination in Bangladesh and different low-cost remediation technologies. A method for evaluating the relative feasibility of different treatment technologies was also utilized to determine the most appropriate technologies for groundwater As treatment in Bangladesh. The districts with the highest groundwater As contamination include Brahamanbariya, Tangail, Barisal, Pabna, Patuakhali, Kurigram, Magura, and Faridpur, with concentrations exceeding 0.05 mg/L. Only six districts had relatively low groundwater arsenic concentrations (0.01 mg/L), including Kushtia, Khagrachari, Jessore, Dinajpur, Meherpur, and Munshiganj. There were a number of technologies used for treating As in water, but aerated electrocoagulation, Mg-Fe-based hydrotalcite-like compound, and electro-chemical As remediation (ECAR) reactor were found to be the most feasible treatment methods for As. Overall, the investment, operational, and maintenance costs, availability of materials, and expertise requirements should be considered when selecting the most appropriate treatment method for As in water.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.754-760
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• 1998

It was found that the adsorption of a cobalt(III) complex with a macrocyclic ligand, C-meso-5,7,7,12,14,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (hmc), was induced on a glassy carbon electrode by heavily oxidizing the electrode surface. Adsorption properties are discussed. The glassy carbon electrode with the adsorbed complex was employed to see the catalytic activities for the electro-reduction of O2. In the presence of oxygen, reduction of (hmc)Co3+ showed two cathodic waves in cyclic voltammetry. Compared to the edge plane graphite electrode at which two cathodic waves were also observed in a previous study, catalytic reduction of O2 occurred in the potential region of the first wave while it happened in the second wave region with the other electrode. A rotating disk electrode after the same treatment was employed to study the mechanism of the O2 reduction and two-electron reduction of O2 was observed. The difference from the previous results was explained by the different reactivity of the (hmc)CoOOH2+ intermediate, which is produced after the two electron reduction of (hmc)Co3+ in the presence of O2.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1168-1171
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• 1998

Two kinds of second-order nonlinear optical copolymers were prepared by the copolymerization of the vinyl monomers containing NLO chromophore, methacrylic acid, and methyl methacrylate or butyl methacrylate. Glass transition temperatures (Tg of copolymers were around 130 ℃. The copolymers were soluble in common organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), cyclohexanone, and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The crosslinked copolymer was obtained by thermal treatment using pentaerythritol tetrakis(2-mercaptoacetate) as a crosslinker and became insoluble in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Poling was carried out at 120 ℃ for 20 min and identified with UV-Vis spectroscopy. Electro-optic coefficient (r33) measurement showed a value of 35 pm/V for polymer 2 at 633 nm. Temporal stability of copolymers was improved owing to the crosslinked network, which was successfully obtained at 170 ℃ for 30 min after poling.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.709-716
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• 2011

Effect of inorganic coagulants dosing on the performance of electro-chemical process was studied when treating hospital wastewater having low electrolyte concentration. It is thought that adding inorganic coagulants caused increase in concentration of electrolyte and this caused increase in free chloride concentration and consequently, caused increase in indirect oxidation effect. Thus, COD removal efficiencies more than doubled in percentage terms at the 2 hrs of reaction time and current density of $1.76A/dm^2$ compared with the results obtained from the parallel experiments without adding inorganic coagulants. T-N removal efficiencies approximately doubled in percentage terms at the 2 hrs of reaction time and 700 ppm of coagulants addition and applied current density of $1.76A/dm^2$ due to the increase of free residual chlorine such as HOCl caused by increase of electrolyte concentration through the addition of inorganic coagulants. Under the same experimental condition, more than 90% of T-P removal efficiencies was obtained. The reason can be explained that increase of chemical adsorption rate between phosphate and insoluble metal compounds caused by dissolved oxygen generated from anode by the increased electrolyte concentration through inorganic coagulants addition make a major role in improving T-P removal efficiencies. It can be concluded that inorganic coagulants addition as the supplemental agent of electrolyte is effective way in improving organic and nutrient salt removal efficiency when treating hospital wastewater having low electrolyte concentration.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.756-762
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• 1997

The experiment was carried out to fabricate alumina membrane which has a cylindrical pore structure by anodizing aluminium plate in sulfuric acid solution with the electrochemical technique. The aluminium plate for anodizing was prepared by the pretreatment process such as chemical, electro-polishing and thermal treatment. The pore size distribution and the film thickness of alumina membrane were investigated by the implementation of scanning electron microscope(SEM) and BET method. The results show that the oxide film has a geometrical structures like a Keller model and that the membrane has a uniform pore distribution. The pore size and the oxide film thickness are dependent on the anodizing process variables such as the electrolyte concentration, the reation temperature and the anodizing current density.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 2008

Polycarbonate has a high transmittance to light, low specific gravity, flexibility and cost-effectiveness that extends the application field of the polymer to bio-engineering, optics, electronic parts, etc. Moreover, electro plating of metallic film on PC could endow the parts the electromagnetic interference shielding capability. However, poor adhesion of copper on PC limited the wide usage in the industry. In this work, a composite(PC/ABS) and MmSH(Momentary mold Surface Heating) injection process were used to improve the plating characteristics; plating thickness, gloss and adhesion. Also plasma treatment and chemical treatment were employed for improving adhesion. Plating characteristics on PC/ABS were better than those on PC due to the anchoring effect of butadiene. MmSH injection process could ameliorate the gloss and coating adhesion. Also plating thickness and adhesion of PC and PC/ABS were increased by plasma treatment.