• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.1795-1804
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• 2014

Owing to the reduction in the peak power of a DC railway subsystem, many studies on energy storage system (ESS) applications have received attention. Each application focuses on improving the efficiency and addressing regulation issues by utilizing the huge regenerative energy generated by braking-phase vehicles. The ESS applications are widely divided into installation on a vehicle or in a substation, depending on the target system characteristics. As the main purpose of the ESS application is to reduce the peak power of starting-phase vehicles, an optimized ESS utilization can be achieved by the operating at the highest peak power section. However, the weight of an entire vehicle, including those of the passengers, continuously changes during operation; thus, considering the total power consumption and the discharging point is difficult. As a contribution to the various storage device algorithms, this study deals with ESS on board vehicles and introduces an ESS operating plan for peak-power reduction by investigating the weight of a train on a real-time basis. This process is performed using a train-performance simulator, and the simulation accuracy can be increased because the weight in each phase can be adopted in the simulation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.47-56
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• 2012

This research is to develop satiable battery charger with a variety of capacity and voltage specifications of battery. For this, voltage or current were controlled through buck converter which is DC voltage that already received three-phase at primary side and passed bridge rectifier diode. And, it was comprised of full-bridge converter and HFTR for insulation and a square wave AC. The transformer primary side was comprised in series to divide certain charging current and the secondly side was comprised of 6 fixed transformers so that they can generate certain amount of power and various output voltage through relay parallel compound 6 DC Link outputs. To confirm such structure's verification and validity, simulation with PSIM was conducted, and validity of proposed variable charger system was verified through 3kW stack production.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2018

In battery-operated systems, an isolated converter is used to interface the utility grid with the system to increase stability when charging and discharging batteries. Systems such as vehicle-to-grids (V2Gs), on-board chargers, and energy storage systems (ESSs) have recently become popular, and the roles of isolated converters have become important considerations in fabricating such devices. A fixed-frequency LLC converter, which is a type of isolated converter, presents the advantages of high efficiency and high power density by performing zero-voltage switching (ZVS) over wide frequency ranges. However, the magnetizing inductance of the LLC converter should be designed to enable ZVS in all switching devices. Therefore, in this study, the operating characteristics of the LLC circuit are analyzed, and an optimal design method for ZVS operation is established. Moreover, an 8 kW LLC high-efficiency and high-power-density resonant converter is designed and tested for ESS application. The LLC converter achieves 98% efficiency at rated power.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.106-112
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• 2014

This paper presents the analysis of connected operation of photo voltaic source and Li energy storage system. The micro-grid has been installed and operated for several years at the campus of USF and has been a role of test bed. Photo voltaic source has been strongly influenced by the location, weather and climate of a installed area and Li battery is connected directly to the photo voltaic source to compensate for the limitations. The Li battery is operated to supply power output to the grid by the charging or discharging mode based on the average power output of the PV source which is calculated from monitored data for several years. The load of the PV and Li battery system is operated as a severe loading condition and the operating characteristics of PV source and Li battery are analyzed in detail. In connected operations of PV and Li battery to power system, the PV and Li battery is operated to supply constant power during only day time or peak time to increase load shedding ratio and efficient usage of generation sources in power system.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.666-674
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• 2016

In this paper, a high efficiency satellite electrical power supply system is proposed. The increased efficiency of the power supply system allows for downscaling of the solar array and battery weight, which are among the most important satellite design considerations. The satellite power supply system comprises two units, namely a generation unit and a storage unit. To increase the efficiency of the solar array, a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is used in the power generation unit. In order to improve the MPPT performance, a novel algorithm is proposed on the basis of the hill climbing method. This method can track the main peak of the array power curve in satellites with long duration missions under unpredicted circumstances such as a part of the array being damaged or the presence of a shadow. A lithium-ion battery is utilized in the storage unit. An algorithm for calculating the optimal rate of battery charging is proposed where the battery is charged with the maximum possible efficiency considering the situation of the satellite. The proposed system is designed and manufactured. In addition, it is compared to the conventional power supply systems in similar satellites. Results show a 12% increase in the overall efficiency of the power supply system when compared to the conventional method.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.280-285
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• 2014

In order to evaluate the insulation deterioration in the stator windings of five gas turbine generators(137 MVA, 13.8 kV) which has been operated for more than 13 years, diagnostic test and AC dielectric breakdown test were performed at phases A, B and C. These tests included measurements of AC current, dissipation factor, partial discharge (PD) magnitude and capacitance. ${\Delta}I$ and ${\Delta}tan{\delta}$ in all three phases (A, B and C) of No. 1 generator stator windings showed that they were in good condition but PD magnitude indicated marginally serviceable and bad level to the insulation condition. Overall analysis of the results suggested that the generator stator windings were indicated serious insulation deterioration and patterns of the PD in all three phases were analyzed to be internal, slot and spark discharges. After the diagnostic test, an AC overvoltage test was performed by gradually increasing the voltage applied to the generator stator windings until electrical insulation failure occurred, in order to determine the breakdown voltage. The breakdown voltage at phases A, B and C of No. 1 generator stator windings failed at 28.0 kV, 17.9 kV, and 21.3 kV, respectively. The breakdown voltage was lower than that expected for good-quality windings (28.6 kV) in a 13.8kV class generator. In the AC dielectric breakdown and diagnostic tests, there was a strong correlation between the breakdown voltage and the voltage at which charging current increases abruptly ($P_{i1}$, $P_{i2}$).

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.102-107
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• 2017

Porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) thin films are fabricated by spin-coating using a dispersion solution containing PTFE powders, and their crystalline properties are investigated after thermal annealing at various temperatures ranging from 300 to $500^{\circ}C$. Before thermal annealing, the film is densely packed and consists of many granular particles 200-300 nm in diameter. However, after thermal annealing, the film contains many voids and fibrous grains on the surface. In addition, the film thickness decreases after thermal annealing owing to evaporation of the surfactant, binder, and solvent composing the PTFE dispersion solution. The film thickness is systematically controlled from 2 to $6.5{\mu}m$ by decreasing the spin speed from 1,500 to 500 rpm. A triboelectric nanogenerator is fabricated by spin-coating PTFE thin films onto polished Cu foils, where they act as an active layer to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy. A triboelectric nanogenerator consisting of a PTFE layer and Al metal foil pair shows typical output characteristics, exhibiting positive and negative peaks during applied strain and relief cycles due to charging and discharging of electrical charge carriers. Further, the voltage and current outputs increase with increasing strain cycle owing to accumulation of electrical charge carriers during charge-discharge.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.2202-2211
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• 2016

In certain applications, such as IPT-based EV charger (IPTEC), any variation in alignment and distance between pickup and charger primary leads to a change in leakage and magnetic impedance magnitudes. The power transmission capacity is not always at the maximum level because of these variations. This study proposes a new low-cost tracking method that achieves the Maximum Inductive Power Transmission Capacity (MIPTC). Furthermore, in the proposed method, the exchange of information between load and source is not required. For an application such as IPTEC, the load detected by the IPTEC varies continuously with time because of the change in state of the charge. This load variation causes a significant variation in IPT resonant circuit voltage gain. However, the optimized charging output voltage should be kept constant. From the analysis of the behavior of the IPT circuit at different working frequencies and load conditions, a MIPTC operation point that is independent of load condition can be identified. Finally, the experimental results of a developed prototype IPT circuit test show the performance of the proposed method.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.1125-1131
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• 2014

Application of residential demand response (DR) programs are currently realized up to a limited extent due to customers' difficulty in manually responding to the time-differentiated prices. As a solution, this paper proposes an automatic home load management (HLM) framework to achieve the household minimum payment as well as meet the operational constraints to provide customer's comfort. The projected HLM method controls on/off statuses of responsive appliances and the charging/discharging periods of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and battery storage at home. This paper also studies the impacts of different time-varying tariffs, i.e., time of use (TOU), real time pricing (RTP), and inclining block rate (IBR), on the home load management (HLM). The study is effectuated in a smart home with electrical appliances, a PHEV, and a storage system. The simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed HLM program. Peak of household load demand along with the customer payment costs are reported as the consequence of applying different pricings models in HLM.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2014

Recently, parallel operation of dc-dc converters has been widely used in distributed power systems. In this paper, a control method to achieve parallel operation of three-phase bi-directional isolated interleaved dc-dc converters is discussed for the battery charging and discharging system which consists of the 32 battery charger/dischargers and two three-phase bi-directional isolated interleaved dc-dc converters. In the boost mode, the battery energy is delivered to the grid, whereas the grid energy is transferred to the battery in the buck mode operation. The average current sharing control method is employed to obtain an equal conducting of each phase current in the three-phase dc-dc converter. By using the proposed method, the imbalance factor is gratefully reduced from 8 percent to 1 percent. Two 2.5kW three-phase bi-directional dc-dc converter prototype have been built and the proposed method has been verified through experiments.