• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.43-49
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• 2004

Electric pulp test is a method to examine the vitality of dental pulp using physical and chemical stimulation. During the pulp test, the current stimulates intradental nerve, and it makes patients painful. In this paper, we measured each activating response EMG in anterior belly of digastric muscle, voice, and finger movement during the pulp test by increasing stimulus intensity gradually. We also measured excessive stimulus time from the activating responses (EMG, voice, and finger movement) to the end of the stimulation. We measured and analyzed excessive stimulus time for each stimulus detecting method. As a result, we developed automatic stimulus breaker using the human responses to stimulus during electric pulp test. We reduced the excessive stimulus time by disconnecting the pulp tester stimulus output rapidly in 10 ms after activating human response.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.388-411
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• 2003

The purpose of this study has been conducted to reduce the lower limbs' spasticity of the patients with hemiplegia caused by cerebral stroke of apoplexy and find differences about spasticity effects among each group. The objects of this study covered 24 patients with hemiplgia who are either in the oo hospital in Daegu or under treatment from home to hospital. The objects fall into three groups which are a group of neurological development treatment, a group of functional stimulus treatment and a group of neurological development treatment and functional stimulus treatment. The result of this study were as follows : 1) The neurological development treatment has been found to reduce the lower limbs' spasticity of patients with hemiplegia caused by cerebral stroke of apoplexy and compared to before-treatment, the MAS value of spasticity has been shown to be statistically meaningful ,and gradually over the period of between 4 weeks and 8 weeks(P <.05). 2) The functional electric stimulus treatment has been shown to reduce the lower limb's spasticity of patients with hemiplegia caused by cerebral stroke of apoplexy and compared to before-treatment, the MAS value of spasticity was statistically meaningful and compared to 4 weeks, even at the time of 8 weeks, the MAS value of spasticity have shown statistical meaningness. (P <.05) 3) When neurological development treatment and functional electric stimulus treatment was applied at the same time, the lower limbs' spasticity of patients with hemiplegia was reduced meaningfully(P <.05). Compared to before-treatment at the time of 4 weeks, the MAS value of spasticity was statistically meaningful and compared to 4 weeks at the time of 8 weeks the MAS value of spasticity was also statistically meaningful(P <.05) 4) In the case of time-based MAS value of each group, functional electric stimulus treatment reduced the spasticity more meaningfully than neurological development treatment, and the group of same application of functional electric stimulus treatment and neurological development treatment showed better statistical meaningness than functional electric stimulus treatment alone(P <.05) and finally the group of same application of neurological development treatment and functional electric stimulus treatment showed more meaningful difference than neurological development treatment alone(P <.05)

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 1994

Direct current (DC) applied to cotyledons during a 16 h inductive dark period inhibited the flowering in the short-day plant, Pharbitis nil Choisy cv. Violet. The inhibitory effect of DC was more profound when the current flowed from roots to cotyledons, showing its polarity-dependent action. The second half on the inductive dark period was more sensitive to DC stimulus. The flowering was significantly depressed only when DC stimuli were applied to the translocation path of the floral stimulus from the induced cotyledon to the apex, suggesting that the transport of floral stimulus was damaged by the DC treatment. The vegetative apex culture bioassay system showed that a significant level of the floral stimulus activity existed in the phloem exudate from the cotyledons which would fail to form their own floral buds. These results strongly support the hypothesis that DC partially impede, at least temporarily, the transmission path of the floral stimulus from florally-induced cotyledon to the apex, rather than depressing in situ synthesis of the floral stimulus.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.949-961
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• 1997

To date, various clinical procedures have been used to restore periodontal apparatus destroyed by periodontal disease. And then, many experimental approaches have been proceeded to develop treatment methods to promote periodontal regeneration. Mechanical, chemical treatments to enhance the attachment of periodontal tissue cells as changing the physical properties of root surfaces, bone graft procedure, and treatments for guided tissue regeneration have been used for periodontal regeneration. However, recent studies have revealed that biologic factors such as growth factors promote biologic mechanism associated with periodontal regeneration. This study was done to enucleate how ELF stimulus affect the periodontal regeneration. We can have following conclusions from this experimental results. The influence of low frequency(ELF) electric stimulus (30Hz at $lO{\mu}A$) known to promote bone formation in vivo, was evaluated for its ability to affect bone cell function in vitro. After 12 hour exposure of ELF stimulus at most appropriate densities ($5{\times}10^4\;cells/cm^2$) to increase osteoblastic cells normally, rat calvarial cells were incubated for 60 hours were used in this study. We have found ELF stimulus suppress calvarial cell proliferation and the ability of protein synthesis, enhance the alkaline phosphatase activity significantly.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.210-216
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• 2010

This study is vestibular electric stimulation applied between the mastoids during quiet standing elicits postural sway. The aim of this study was to characterize the postural sway response to continuous sinusoidal vestibular electric stimulation across various stimulus frequencies and amplitudes. Binaural bipolar sinusoidal vestibular electric stimulation was applied to the skin overlying the mastoid processes of 10 subjects while they stood on a force plate. The position of the center of pressure(COP) and signals at the feet are obtained on an force plate, while the head and whole body center of mass(COM) was measured with motion analysis system. The stimulus conditions included eight frequencies (1/64, 1/32, 1/16, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 1, and 2Hz) and six peak amplitudes (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.7, 1 and 2mA). Each subject experienced one trial at each amplitude-frequency pair. The stimuli elicited sway in lateral plane in all subjects, as evidenced by changes in the stimulus frequency. Our results demonstrate that the vestibular system is sensitive to vestibular electric stimulation intensity changes and responds by altering the magnitude of the response accordingly.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.1625-1632
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• 2006

We studied the effects or electric potential in ST37(+) and ST39(-) generated by various the manual art stimulus or acupuncture at ST36. And compared with data on the change of electric potential from hand of performer acupuncture therapy. Electric potential induced via acupuncture from performer may be important factor that is the initiation of electric potential changes in meridian and meridian point of being performer. The results for various manual art stimulus in acupuncture therapy was that four type of electro-wave observed. That is the capacitance currents type, sign wave type, triangle wave type and circle type triangle wave. And the change of electric potential ransfer from performer acupuncture therapy in stable electro-circle condition, were capacitance currents type. So we suggested that capacitance currents stimulus in electronic view may be important factor in acupuncture therapy between performer acupuncture therapy and being performer acupuncture therapy.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.748-754
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• 2007

Electroacupuncture is the combined treatment of mechanical and electric stimuli on the needle head, on which electricity runs after acupuncturing at the acupuncture points. It is reported that its treatment effect depends on the parameter of stimulus, which is wave of stimulus, frequency, voltage, and duration of electric current. To get the effective treatment, stimulus intensity over threshold is needed. We planned to experiment whether acupuncture effect is affected by sex, age, and weight. After we conducted electric stimulus at Zusanli(ST 36) which is known to increase small intestinal motility in normal rats, we observed the effects and got the following results. Though the increased effects of small intestinal motility of electro-acupuncture at Zusanli(ST 36) did not show the difference of sex, this effect was observed to have a tendency to decrease according to weight increase without distinction of sex. But the effect of electro-acupuncture shown in 4, 5, 7 weeks old without distinction of sex was observed to have a tendency to decrease with the growing of weeks-old in the male rat group. And the significant change without specific tendency was observed in the 4, 5 weeks old female rat group. This result suggested that sex, weight, and age should be considered to get the efficient electro-acupuncture. The more experimental study should be advanced to investigate the correlation between the factors that can affect the acupuncture treatment, and, afterward, the interconnection into the clinical use.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2005

Electrodermal activity(EDA) is a bio-electric signal which occurs at the skin surface during the sweating. EDA reflects the activity of the sympathetic axis of the autonomic nervous system. EDA is associated with the eccrine sweat gland at the palmar and plamar surface. This study was aimed to characterize the relationship between EDA and auditory stimulus intensities. Acoustic stimulus used in this study were 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz of narrow band noise, which were representative of speech frequencies in audible range. Stimulus intensity between 90 and 30 dB in 10 dB within dynamic range. After deriving the minimum stimulus intensity(threshold of skin potential) which elicited skin potential, and then the latency and amplitude were derived from waveform of skin potential, each latency and amplitude were compared to stimulus intensity. The waveform of skin potential were recorded stably, and the threshold of skin potential appeared nearly the hearing threshold level of the participant. The latency was decreased and the amplitude was increased according to the increase of the stimulus intensity. These results suggest that auditory evoked skin potential can be applicable to auditory assessment and audiological diagnosis tool.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.3-8
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• 2000

1. Definition : Bee-venom therapy does not involve actual bee-stings: it is a treatment method with acquired bee-venom extract through the electric stimulus on the bee, It is injected subcutaneusly on the acupuncture point after refining, according to the diagnosis of constitution and disease. 2. History : Around 2000 B.C., records that Bee-venom was used for therapy were written in the medical book of Babylonia and Papirus of ancient Egypt. Hippocrates, who is called the father of Medicine, said that Bee-venom is Arcanum, which means mysteric medicine. In Oriental medicine, B.C. 200, there was a clinical record that the meat suspended in front of the bee house on the tree in order to get bee-venom, was attached on the lesion. 3. Mechanism of Action : There are two aspects: 1) The effect of stimulating acupunture point It is similar to the chemical moxa. I think that there are several methods of stimulating the acupuncture point： For example, a simple needle is a mechanical stimulus, Moxa is a heating stimulus and electric and Raser acupunture etc. And another stimulus: in the ancient orient, a chemical stimulus called Chungu(Tianjiu), is attached to the lesions by using grinded insects (ex. Mylaris phalerate PALL.) which have toxin. So Bee venom therapy is similar to this. 2) The effect of biochemical ingredients Bee venom consists of 40 kinds of ingredients. For example, me Iii tin, Apamin, Pospholipase A2, MCD peptide, Adolapin and so on. They have effects which have been proven through experimentation l) tonifying mechanism of the body through increasing hormon secretion 2) tonifying immune system through proliferation of WBC, lymphocytes, macrophage 3) anti-inflammatory reaction Therefore Bee venom therapy is the representative 3rd Medicine, which combined East & West medicine. 4. Application of disease : L.B.P and HIVD, O.A, R.A, degenerative arthritis, shoulder pain and other pain diseases. 5. Therapic methods : According to constitution and disease, proper concentration of bee venom is injected on acupunture point, 2 times a week. Generally one term is consisted of 15times. 6. Contraindication : Heart disease, TBc, DM, kidney disease(nephritis), pregnancy, woman in menstruation 3-4 persons per 100,000 persons may have severe allergic reaction.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.226-232
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• 2004

Use of electric pulp testing elicits painful response in vital teeth. In this study, we examined the excessive time from pain feeling to stimulation disconnection in clinical situation. D626D (Parkell Inc., USA.) scan type electric pulp tester was used in total of 23 young healthy individuals. Each of the right central incisors and first premolars were used as testing teeth. Stimulation disconnection was achieved by EMG in anterior belly of digastric muscle, finger span, and voice and the excessive stimulation time over the sensory thresh-old was recorded. As a result, we found that the short responses before the stimulation disconnection appeared following order：EMG, finger span, and voice. The EMG disconnection is suggested to be used to reduce the excessive stimulus time in electric pulp testing.