• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2017

This study aims to provide the basic habitat data for the alternative breeding sites of Family Ardeidae including Ardea cinerea, Egretta alba modesta, Egretta intermedia, Egretta garzetta, Bubulcus ibis and Nycticorax nyciticorax. Species numbers, flight directions for detecting foraging grounds and current vegetation structure were investigated nesting at Gunsan urban forest area. Data were collected over a period of 10 weeks, from 15 June - 31 August 2014. The total nest and population of Family Ardeida were 684 and 1,712 respectively. Percentage of birds observed flying in 8 major compass directions were as follows. 57.27% of all birds were observed flying northwest, 22.09% were observed flying south and 13.40% were flying north. For possible foraging areas, to the northwest, there are Geumgang river tidal flats, and to the south, paddy fields and streams within 2km. Flying directions by species (${\chi}^2=287.18$, P<.001, Cramer's V=0.12) and by seasons(${\chi}^2=839.94$, P<.001, Cramer's V=0.19) showed significant difference statistically. In relation between species and directions, 60.31% and 24.05% of Bubulcus ibis and 59.40% and 23.00% of Ardea cinerea were observed flying northwest and south respectively. Vegetation in the sites consist of an overstory of 3 to 7 species. At site 1, Pinus thunbergii was the dominant species and site 2, Chamaecyparis obtusa. Understory vegetation is composed of shrubs, saplings and small trees of Chamaecyparis obtusa, Quercus acutissima, Smilax china and Platycarya strobilacea. Egrets and herons usually nested at the dense population and canopy overlayed forest, and especially branches and leaves of smallwood with less than 10cm of breast height diameter were relatively severely damaged due to the nesting and excreta.

• 공원문화
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• s.49
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• pp.44-44
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• 1990

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.257-260
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• 1983

The concentration of heavy metals in 12 eggs collected from 6 nests of Intermediate Egret, Egretta intermedia intermedia from Ogjong-myun, Hadong-gun, Kyungnam, was examined by atomic absorption spectrophoto-meter method in 1983. It was found that heavy metals are contained in their eggs with highest concentration Cd and Cu in the eggshell and Cr, Zn, Pb and Mn in the yolk, respectively. The thin-shelled group, by their eggshell thickness grouping, contained heavy metal in higher amount than that of thick eggshelled group. And the thin group showed small values in weight of individual egg, its yolk and albumen.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2021

An aquariid nematode, Desportesius invaginatus, was found in the proventriculus of an Egretta garzetta and a Bubulcus ibis from Chuncheon in the Republic of Korea. The worms were identified by light and scanning electron microscopy based on important taxonomic characteristics (body length, esophagus length, cordons, spicules, caudal alae of males, position of the vulva) and then phylogenetically analyzed using the 18S rRNA encoding gene. The nematodes were characterized by a body length of 7.0-8.0 mm in males and 10.2-13.1 mm in females, and two pairs of cordons recurrent in the anterior direction, and cordons were anastomosed by a longitudinal cuticular ridge that externally delimits a longitudinal canal. The widest cuticular plates of cordons bears over 20 posterior spines. The length of the spicules in males was also significantly different. The right spicule measured 742-821 (794) ㎛ in length and 40-45 (42) ㎛ in width, and the left spicule measured 493-556 (541) ㎛ in length and 11-13 (12) ㎛ in width. The caudal alae of males are inflated and vesicular in appearance. The vulva was situated at 56-71 (58.3) ㎛ from the posterior extremity. Although the 18S rRNA sequences of worms were similar to the Synhimantus species, some genetic divergences were observed in comparison. In this study, the worms were recognized with genus Desportesius because genus Desportesius was considered a subgenus of Synhimantus. This is the first record of D. invaginatus in the Republic of Korea.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.242-248
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• 2020

An intestinal strigeiid trematode, Apharyngostrigea pipientis, was detected from Ardea cinerea jouyi, Egretta intermedia and Nycticorax nycticorax between July, 2006 and June, 2020 in Daejeon metropolitan city and Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea. It was observed with a light and scanning electron microscope (SEM), and molecularly analyzed with 18S rRNA genes. The infection rate of the strigeiid trematode was 25.9% (7/27). The body is cylindrical in whole mount, greatly elongated in outline and shows a strong dorsal curvature. The overall measurements are: length 4.1-4.8 mm; fore-body 1.00-1.20 mm by 0.8-0.9 mm; hind-body 3.2-3.6 mm by 0.43-0.46 mm. The body is covered by a relatively thick cuticle, devoid of spines. The oral sucker leads into a short esophagus that is devoid of a muscular pharynx. The holdfast organ is enormously developed. The vitelline follicles distributed dorsal wall of fore-body and hind-body. This strigeiid trematode especially differs from other species of genus Apharyngostrigea in morphology. Although these A. pipientis are several morphological distinctions from Apharyngostrigea cornu, the partial sequence of 18S rRNA showed the sequence homology of A. pipientis (99.9%) and A. cornu (99.8%), and this result revealed their conspecific relationship between A. cornu and A. pipientis. This is the first report of A. pipientis in the Republic of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.93-100
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• 2007

This study was based on the breeding process of the Pacific Reef Herons (Egretta sacra) bred in Aewol-eup, Jeju Island, for two years from February 2004 to June 2005. The clutch size of the pacific reef herons was $3.24{\pm}0.75$(N=17, range: $2{\sim}4$), and the egg-laying was at dawn or night intervals of one to three days. The major diameter of the egg(N=39) was $46.73{\pm}1.91mm$, the minor diameter thereof $34.06{\pm}0.83mm$, the weight thereof $27.67{\pm}3.12g$, and the thickness of the egg shell thereof $0.26{\pm}0.03mm$. In relation to the breeding cycles of the Pacific Reef Herons, the nesting or nest repairing was made from February to the end of April each year, the egg laying from the beginning of March to the beginning of May, the hatching from the beginning of April to the middle of May, and the nest departure from the middle of May to the end of July. The supplement brood was started immediately from May to June when the first brood had failed. The incubation period was $28.17{\pm}4.12(N=6)$ days, and hatched asynchronously. The fledgling period was $40.00{\pm}6.84(N=5)$ days, and bill, wing, tarsus and weight developments of early hatched nestlings were the fastest among the same brood. Compared with other egret species, the egg laying period of the Pacific Reef Heron was faster than that of the Black-crowned Night Heron, Little Egret and Great Egret, but later than that of Grey Heron, in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.564-568
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to determine and characterize the food resources and foraging sites of Pacific Reef Herons bred in Aewol-eup, Jeju Island, during Feb. 2005 ~ Aug. 2005. The food resources of Pacific Reef Herons were identified as comprising 21 individuals of 5 species, and these identifications were verified as follows: 38.1% of Tridentoger obscurus(n=8), 19.0% of Ennedpterygius etheostomus(n=4), and 14.3% of Engraulis japonica(n=3). The sizes of the food resources were measured as follows: total $58.29{\pm}5.17mm$(n=19), T. obscurus was $67.49{\pm}4.91mm$(n=8), E. etheostomus was $43.98{\pm}3.50mm$(n=4), and E. japonica was $22.77{\pm}1.17mm$. The semi-digested foods were confirmed as Paralichthys olivaceus and Sebastes inermis. The primary foraging sites were 7.4km(Oedocheon) east, to 6.6km(Geumseongcheon) west of the Aewol breeding area.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2011

To classify the relationship between riparian vegetation type and bird habitat, we studied the vegetation and avian species in the three streams(Anyang Stream, Gap Stream, Seom River), located in middle province. Five different vegetation types - Woodland type, Shrub type, Tall and wet grassland type, Low and dry grassland type and Cropland - were identified. The habitats of avian species were highly correlated with vegetation type. Streptopelia orientalis and Hypsipetes amaurotis were found in woodland. Both Paradoxornis webbiana and Phoenicurus auroreus were mainly found in shrub. Tall and wet grassland were preference habitats of Ixobrychus sinensis, Acrocephalus arundinaceus, while, low and dry grassland were occupied by Phasianus colchicus, Falco tinnunculus. Cropland were used as breeding and feeding sites for Egretta alba modesta, Anas poecilorhyncha, Anthus spinoletta. Distribution patterns of avian species were clearly divided by vegetation type and site characteristics in the stream.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.89-99
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• 2020

This study was conducted as a basic research to create a sound and vital ecological environment in the city compared to the appearance characteristics of Gap stream(G-stream), which are the main stream of Banseok stream(B-stream), by analyzing the characteristics of waterbirds, including Wild Spot-billed Duck (S-Duck), that live in B-stream built as ecological stream. The waterbird survey was conducted by the line census for 3.2km, Jukdong-bridge to Jamiseon-bridge, from January to August 2018. The analysis of the survey was conducted with Relative species density(RD) of the emerging waterbird species, the Species diversity and Density Per Unit area for 100㎡(DPU). The waterbird survey results of B-stream was conducted 65 times. The five types of water birds that appeared during the survey were Spot-billed Duck(Anas poecilorhyncha), Teal(Anas crecca), Little Egret(Egretta garzetta), Great Egret(Egretta alba), and Grey Heron(Ardea cinerea). As a result, for S-Duck at B-stream, RD was 89.9%, monthly species diversity was simple as 0.3801 in January, 0.5943 in February and 0.3501 in August. The DPU of the S-Duck was 0.165/100㎡ in the B-Stream survey section which was 4.9 times higher than the main stream section, G-stream. The non-freezing zone of the city's small stream is expected to play an important role as a winter stop for wild birds such as S-Duck during the freezing period of the huge stream. For this reason, considering the ecological characteristics of wild waterbirds such as S-Duck when creating ecological stream, a: space and linear selection of waterways which can minimize the impact of natural enemy and increasing the number of walkers, b: management water-friendly plants in the low flow channel, c: arrangement walking-bicycle road will be necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.147-162
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• 2014

This study aims to provide the biological and geographical materials to identify the changes in population of Family Ardeidae included Egretta alba modesta, Egretta garzetta, Bubulcus ibis, and Nycticorax nycticorax and establish their conservation measurement in terms of the fragmented and deteriorated habitat by human development such as housing and park projects. Wonjucheon Stream was measured the highest species diversity since the survey site was relatively less interfered by the surrounding human beings showing lower disturbance elements. However, the closer the stream comes downstream, the more the artificial disturbance elements generate, confirming that the species better adapted to contamination grow in more density so that the species composition becomes simplified. It implies that feeding place as well as breeding-growing places is also more closely related to the changes in population structure and species composition of Family Ardeidae. The results of Family Ardeidae immigration in Taejang-dong, Wonju, among the other survey sites, revealed that a total of 231 came to the site in 2006; and 210 in 2011, showing more or less reduction in the population. In the mean while, Namyang-dong in Hwaseong City showed the continuous decrease in population number of Family Ardeidae with 135 before development and 60 during development, resulting in the number never growing but continuously narrowing over and over after development. As a result of surveying the number of Family Ardeidae that bred following the findings above, Taejang-dong in Wonju City had 4 species of Family Ardeidae being bred, however, showing the decrease in number of population from 998 in 2006 to 589 in 2011. Namyang-dong in Hwaseong was confirmed to have as many as 352 of the population in 2006 and 230 in 2008; after the deforestation on their habitat, they had not lived in the site any longer, suggesting that the development would significantly affect Family Ardeidae.