• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.161-167
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• 1988

Studies were carried out to examine the effects of simulated acid rain on the various crops of rice, peper, tomato, pumpkin, egg plant, potato, soybean, radish, cucumber, common pea, sweet potato, corn, lettuce, chinse cabbage, spinach, under the condition of the rains of pH 3.0. The rain was adjusted to pH 4.0, 3.0, 2.0 with sulfuric acid, and soybeans were exposed with the various pH levels, eighteen times every other days. The symptoms of damage, ratios of destroyed leaf and sulphur content by leaves were investigated. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The exposure to the rain resulted in the reddish brown or white pigment spots in the leaves surface and the colour was developed red and darker along the edge of spots. 2. Most crops were affected with acid rain of pH 3.0 at which the amount of chlorophyl was decreased. 3. The spinach, chinese cabbage, lettuce were sensitive to the acid rain, however, the peper, tomato pumpkin were resistance to it. 4. The content of chlorophyl was decreased with increasing leave injury. 5. The sulphur content in leave was increased with increasing acidity of the rain, however the yield was decreased.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.344-352
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• 2016

The goal of this study was to identify the water temperature and sound environment of oviposition sites of the Huanren brown frog (Rana huanrensis), which breeds in valleys in early spring. The study was conducted in Chiak National Park, central Korea, between March 23 and April 24, 2015. Correlation analysis of the physical factors of oviposition sites revealed that the number of egg clutches was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with the water temperature and negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with the sound volume of the oviposition sites. However, no correlation was found between clutch number and the total area or depth of water. The water temperature of the oviposition sites was $2.2^{\circ}C$ higher on average than that of the mainstream (p < 0.001). To avoid the low early spring temperatures, R. huanrensis spawned in sites with accumulated water, in which the depths were less than 10cm and the temperature was relatively high. Further, eggs were spawned in clusters in small spaces to maximize the thermal insulation effect. In terms of noise levels, oviposition sites were found to be 6.9 dB quieter than the mainstream (p<0.001). In conclusion, R. huanrensis was found to spawn in warm, quiet, and small oviposition sites in valleys to avoid low early spring temperatures and loud water noise. This study is significant because it is the first to characterize the sound environment of amphibian oviposition sites.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.507-511
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• 2005

울돌목은 조류발전의 세계적인 최적지로 꼽히고 있으며 서해와 남해의 점이 지대로서 조류에 의해 해양 생물 군집의 대량 이동이 빈번한 곳이라 할 수 있다. 조류 발전 시설인 터빈의 가동은 물리적인 충격에 의해 해양 생물의 생태-생리 반응에 영향을 미칠 가능성이 있다. 네트를 이용한 1차 조사에서 터빈 가동에 의한 동물플랑크톤의 순 사망률은 $44.3\%$로 나타났다. 1차 조사 이 후 다이아프램 펌프를 이용한 조사 결과 중 출현 개체수가 높았던 조사에서 전체 동물플랑크톤의 순 사망률은 각각 $7.3\%,\;5.8\%$를 나타내었고, 요각류는 각각 $4.4\%,\;5.2\%$를 나타냈다. 물리적인 충격을 인위적으로 가한 실험에서 스트레스를 받은 요각류 Acartia hongi의 알 생산은 스트레스를 받지 않은 것보다 $1.8\~2.3$배 낮은 경향을 보였다. 본 조사에서 동물플랑크톤이 낮은 사망률을 보골 이유는 작은 크기의 생물이 우점하였기 때문이며 조사 결과에서 몸체가 비교적 단단하고 크기가 작은 요각류는 상대적으로 약한 부유유생보다 높은 생존율을 보였다. 울돌목 조사 해역에서 출현한 동물플랑크톤은 크기가 작아 터빈의 물리적인 충격에 의한 사망률은 낮을 수 있으나 순간적으로 강한 스트레스를 받는다면 재생산을 포함한 생리활동이 저하될 수 있음을 보였다. 네트 및 펌프를 이용한 조사 결과에서 네트에 의한 채집은 터빈의 영향뿐만 아니라 빠른 유속으로 인하여 네트가 받는 압력에 의해 생물체가 손상되는 양상이 높아 사망률이 높았던 것으로 보인다. 그러나 다이아프램 펌프는 생물 채집 시 오류를 최소화하는 장점은 있으나 채집의 장시간에 비해 매우 적은 생물량이 채집되는 단점을 보였다TEX>$96.5\%$에 미달하는 문제는 식물성 원료유로 제조한 고순도 바이오디젤과 혼합 사용하거나 감압 증류 공정을 통해 고농도의 폐식용유 바이오디젤을 제조하여 해결 가능하다. 대전시 신성동 소재의 음식점에서 수거한 폐식용유를 원료로 하여 생산한 바이오디젤의 차량 배출가스 실증 테스트 결과 경유 차량의 주 오염물질인 PM과 Soot 및 기타 오염물질의 배출량은 감소하였으나 NOx의 배출량은 약간 증가하는 것으로 나타났다구와 이해를 바탕으로 보존대책이 마련되어야 한다.되었다. 이런 모든 시편들을 각 탈염방법에 따라 탈염처리한 후 XRD와 SEM-EDS으로 분석한 결과 인철광과 침철광은 어떠한 변화도 보이지 않았고, 다만 적금광으로 동정된 시편만이 잔존하지 않았다. 철기 제작별 $Cl^-$ 이온 추출량과 탈염효과에 대한 비교 실험은 이온 크로마토그래피 분석 결과와 마찬가지로 단조 철제유물이 주조 철제보다 $Cl^-$ 이온을 많이 가지고 있었으며, 탈염 처리 후에는 $Cl^-$ 이온은 전혀 발견되지 않았다. 이상의 결과 $K_2CO_3$와 Sodium 용액은 탈염처리에서 가장 적합한 탈염처리 용액으로 알수가 있었으며 특히 어떠한 탈염 용액으로 유물을 처리한다 해도 철제유물에 생성된 부식물은 제거되지 않는다는 것을 알게 되었다. 따라서 보존처리자는 유물 표면의 부식 상태만을 보고 처리하기 보다는 철기제작물로 고려하여 처리하는 것이 필요하다. 또한 금속에 부식을 야기시키는 $Cl^-$ 이온과 부식물을 완전하게 제거하여 탈염처리를 하는 것이 유물 부식을 최대한 지연시킬 수 있는 것이라 생각된다.TEX>$88\%$)였다.(P=0.063). 결론: 본

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.45-50
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• 1974

Geep-Jang, a kind of soybean paste, was made from vegetables such as egg-plant, green cucumber and green red pepper besides grains, which was fermented at $55{\sim}60^{\circ}C$ incubator or room temperature for a week. In order to determine the effect of cellulolytic enzymes addition on the Geep-Jang processing, samples were taken by 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours interval after first stage, chemical composition were measured and its results obtained as follows: 1. Reducing sugar was rapidly increased from twenty to forty hours after first stage. 2. Large contents of reducing sugar at G-5 group might originated from the much quantity of carbohydrate sources and speed up the decomposition of raw materials by cellulolytic enzymes. 3. The different content of reducing sugars between G-1 and G-3 group should stemed from the addition of enzymes solution and it's differences were very remarkable id the case of classic soybean koji power 4. The contents of amino-nitrogen was generally more increased than the classic one(G-2, G-4). 5. Fermentation period of Geep-Jang may reduce by addition of cellulolytic enzymes.

• BMB Reports
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.326-331
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• 2000

Acidic chitinases from the gizzards of a broiler were purified to homogeneity, using precipitation with $(NH_{4})_{2}SO_{4}$, ion exchanger chromatography, gel filtration, chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The enzymes, GAC1 and GAC2, were purified 180- and 194- folds with a recovery of 4.9% and 2.7%, respectively. The molecular mass of GAC1 and GAC2 were 48.2 kDa and 57.8 kDa, respectively. Chromatofocusing resulted in a pI of 3.1 for both enzymes. The purified enzymes were endochitinases that were devoid of ${\beta}-N-acetylglucosaminidase$ and lysozyme activity. Kinetic studies using $[^3H]chitin$ indicate that GAC1 has a $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ of 1.97 mg/ml and 185 mg/mg protein/h, respectively. The GAC2 has a $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ of 0.42 mg/ml and 92.3 mg/mg protein/h, respectively at optimal pH and temperature (pH 5.0 and $60^{\circ}C$). When the pentamer and hexamer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) were used as a substrate, the major product by GAC1 was the dimer of GlcNAc with a differential accumulation of the monomer and trimer, depending upon the substrate. However, the GAC2 produced the dimer and trimer in an equal quantity, regardless of the substrate used. The first 9 $NH_2-terminal$ amino acid residues of the purified gizzard chitinase GAC1 and GAC2 shared a 100% homology. The first 25 $NH_2-terminal$ amino acid residues of GAC1 also shared 55-60% homology with animal chitinases and some animal proteins, such as whey protein and oviduct-specific proteins. However, little homology was found with either microbial and plant chitinases, or egg white lysozyme.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.208-217
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• 2018

Objective: Examine the effects of supplementing bahiagrass hay (BG) with potentially anthelmintic quantities of hays of perennial peanut (PEA) or sericea lespedeza (LES) or seeds of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L.; MUC) or papaya (PAP) on the intake and nutritive value (Experiment 1), and the performance and parasite burden (Experiment 2) of goats. Methods: In Experiment 1, 38 male goats ($27.4{\pm}5.7kg$ body weight) were randomly assigned to each of 5 treatments: i) BG alone and BG plus; ii) PEA; iii) LES; iv) MUC; and v) PAP. Goats were fed for ad libitum consumption and adapted to the diets for 14 d followed by 7 d of measurement. The PEA, LES, MUC (50%, 50%, and 10% of the diet dry matter [DM], respectively), and PAP (forced-fed at 10 g/d) were fed at rates that would elicit anthelmintic effects. In Experiment 2, goats remained in the same treatments but were allocated to 15 pens (3 pens per treatment) from d 22 to 63. All goats were infected with parasites by grazing an infected bahiagrass pasture from 0800 to 1500 h daily and then returned to the pens. Results: Dry matter intake tended to be greater in goats fed PEA and LES than those fed BG (757 and 745 vs 612 g/d, respectively). Digestibility of DM (59.5% vs 54.9%) and organic matter (60.8% vs 56.0%) were greater in goats fed MUC vs BG, respectively. In Experiment 2, feeding PAP, LES, and PEA to goats reduced nematode fecal egg counts by 72%, 52%, and 32%, reduced abomasal adult worm counts by 78%, 52%, and 42%, and decreased plasma haptoglobin concentrations by 42%, 40%, and 45% relative to feeding BG alone, respectively. Conclusion: Supplementation with PEA, LES, and PAP decreased the parasite burden of goats but did not increase their performance. PAP was the most effective anthelmintic supplement.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.267-273
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• 2017

To protect plants from damage caused by Panonychus citri (McGregor), practical methods for the use banker plants have been developed to provide a habitat and augment natural enemies of several agricultural pests. The average population density of predatory mites on an Oxalis corniculata (creeping sorrel) sod culture was significantly higher (three times) than that on normal sod culture. Furthemore, the average population density of spider mites on creeping sorrel sod culture was significantly lower (3.7 times) than when weed control was practiced. Average consumption of the eggs and females of Tetranychina harti (Ewing) by Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) females was approximately 1.96 eggs and 1.93 females per day, respectively. Phytoseiulus persimilis AthiasHenriot females never consumed T. harti. However, total development time of T. harti from egg to adult on O. corniculata was 17.4 days, and hatchability and survival rate were 77.5% and 84.8%, respectively.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.251-258
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• 2000

These studies were conducted to investigate the prey consumption and suppression of cotton aphid and green peach aphid by Chrysopa pallens Ramber as a predator. The 3$^{rd}$ instar of C. pallets fed on 29.8, 77.9, 133.6, and 155.7 individuals of apterous Aphis goussypii Glover a day at 17,22, 27, and 32$^{\circ}C$, respectively. A preovipositing female fed on 73.1 individuals, ovipositing female on 86.6 individuals, and adult male on 69.7 individuals of apterous Myzus persicae (Sulzer) a day at the 27$^{\circ}C$. The functional response curve of the larvae and adults of C. pallens to the densities of A. gossypii indicated Helling’s Type II: the consumption of prey by the C. pallens increased with the prey density but the consumption rate decreased. The attack rate of 3rd instar of C. pallens was the highest among the 2nd instar, 3$^{rd}$ instar, adult male and adult female, and handling time was the shortest. The critical ratio of the predator vs. the prey to effectively suppress the population of A. gossypii by releasing C. pallets eggs was 1 : 4 on red pepper and egg plant, and 1 : 3 on cucumber. Release of second larval stave of C. pallens at the ratio of 1 : 30 of the predator vs. the prey controlled satisfactorily A. gossypii on red pepper, and 1 : 20 on cucumber and tomato. The three-times introduction of the eggs of C. pallens was as effective as four applications of insecticides from mid-June to late September.r.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.335-343
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to investigate types of injury inflicted by the stone leek leafminer, Liriomyza chinensis Kato (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on welsh onion. A feeding scar made by an adult female was a hole round in shape, with diameter of 0.08 mm and 0.48 mm in lesion, resulting in a white spot, many of which often form vertical dotted lines on a leaf. Egg spots were oval with 0.1 ${\times}$0.14 mm in size, one or several of which often form a V-shape in group. Feeding by adults began immediately after emergence and was very active from 4th to 5th day. Oviposition was done from 2nd to 6th day after emergence. In both feeding and oviposition, they were more active in the day time. Larvae after emergence crawled up the leaf at first, and then moved up and down to feed on mesophyll. When in high density, they feed on leaf from leaf tip to bottom, and let the leaf die. Area of damage per one larva was calculated as 72.1 $\textrm{mm}^2$. The aged larvae escaped from the leaf in early morning, usually between 5 and 7 am. Most pupation sites were distributed near plants,5cm in soil depth and within 10 cm away from the plant. Pupae of L. chinensis overwintered 10cm below soil surface and emerged from early May to late June the next year Adults then moved to welsh onions near over wintering sites, nursery, transplanted, and levee.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.491-495
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• 2014

Mites were collected from organic cultivations of greenhouse cucumbers and identified as Tyrophagus neiswanderi (Acari: caridae). T. neiswanderi (length, $490.1{\mu}m;$ width, $288.1{\mu}m$) is a very small, milky-white, and egg-shaped mite, and it mainly causes damage to the leaves, flowers, and fruits of cucumber plants. In the early growing season of cucumbers, the shoots of seedlings became pale and yellow because of T. neiswanderi, and eventually shrinkage or bud-failing was observed in the plants. In the middle of the growing season, T. neiswanderi caused white spots on the leaves and flowers of the plants, and the spots gradually became holes. T. neiswanderi also caused severe damage to young fruits by feeding on the rinds of the fruits, inducing malformations and lowering the economic value.