• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권12호
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• pp.4708-4714
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• 2022

The novelty in the present search, the Soda-Lime-Silica (SLS) glass waste to prepare free lead glass shielding was used in order to limit the accumulation of glass waste, which requires extensive time to decompose. This also saves on the consumption of pure SiO₂, which is a finite resource. Furthermore, the combining of BaO with Bi₂O₃ into a glass network leads to increased optical properties and improved attenuation. The UV-Visible Spectrophotometer was used to investigate the optical properties and the radiation shielding properties were reported for current glass samples utilizing the PhysX/PDS online software. The optical property results indicate that when BaO content increases in glass structure, the Urbach energy ΔE, and refractive index n increases while the energy optical band gap E_opt decreases. The result of the metallisation criteria (M) revealed that the present glass samples are nonmetallic (insulators). Furthermore, the radiation shielding parameter findings suggest that when BaO was increased in the glass structure, the linear attenuation coefficient and effective atomic number (Z_eff) rose. But the half-value layer HVL declined as the BaO concentration grew. According to the research, the glass samples are non-toxic, transparent to visible light, and efficient radiation shielding materials. The Ba5 sample is considered the best among all the samples due to its higher attenuation value and lower HVL and MFP values, which make it a suitable candidate as transparent glass shield shielding.

• 융합보안논문지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.169-178
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• 2022

도메인이 여러 개로 구성된 멀티 네트워크를 운영하는 조직에서는 단일 화면 상에 다수의 네트워크 토폴로지를 시각화하여 전체 노드들과 링크들을 감시할 수 있는 기능이 필요한데, 도메인간의 연결점이 없는 토폴로지를 단일 화면 상에 표시하는 것은 간단하지가 않다. 게다가, 다수의 네트워크 형상들을 단일 화면 상에 실제와 같은 물리적 모습으로 표시하는 것은 어렵기 때문에, 멀티 도메인 네트워크를 하나의 화면을 통해 관리하는데는 어려움이 있다. 본 연구에서는 멀티 도메인 환경에서 노드간의 최소 연결 정보만을 이용하여 토폴로지를 시각화하는 효율적인 방법을 제안한다. 이 방법은 네트워크를 구성하는 노드들의 중심성 지수를 활용하여 도메인별 중심 노드를 찾고, 자식 노드들과의 연결정보를 재귀적으로 탐색하여 토폴로지를 생성한다. 화면 상의 도메인별 토폴로지 표시 영역은 자식 노드들의 가중치의 합으로 계산 및 동적 분할되고, 가상의 Root 노드를 활용하여 3D 공간 상에 전체 노드들을 배치함으로써 멀티 도메인 토폴로지를 시각화한다. 이 방법은 노드간의 최소 연결 정보만을 이용하는 단순한 방법이지만, 멀티 도메인 네트워크의 물리적 형상을 유지하면서 하나의 화면에 표시할 수 있는 효율적인 토폴로지 시각화 방법이다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.2924-2944
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• 2023

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological condition that is recognized as one of the primary causes of memory loss. AD currently has no cure. Therefore, the need to develop an efficient model with high precision for timely detection of the disease is very essential. When AD is detected early, treatment would be most likely successful. The most often utilized indicators for AD identification are the Mini-mental state examination (MMSE), and the clinical dementia. However, the use of these indicators as ground truth marking could be imprecise for AD detection. Researchers have proposed several computer-aided frameworks and lately, the supervised model is mostly used. In this study, we propose a novel 3D Convolutional Neural Network Multilayer Perceptron (3D CNN-MLP) based model for AD classification. The model uses Attention Mechanism to automatically extract relevant features from Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) to generate probability maps which serves as input for the MLP classifier. Three MRI scan categories were considered, thus AD dementia patients, Mild Cognitive Impairment patients (MCI), and Normal Control (NC) or healthy patients. The performance of the model is assessed by comparing basic CNN, VGG16, DenseNet models, and other state of the art works. The models were adjusted to fit the 3D images before the comparison was done. Our model exhibited excellent classification performance, with an accuracy of 91.27% for AD and NC, 80.85% for MCI and NC, and 87.34% for AD and MCI.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.973-979
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• 2024

In the framework of the Generation IV research and development project, in which the French Commission of Alternative and Atomic Energies (CEA) is involved, a main objective for the design of Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) is to meet the safety goals for severe accidents. Among the severe ones, the Unprotected Transient OverPower (UTOP) accidents can lead very quickly to a global melting of the core. UTOP accidents can be considered either as slow during a Control Rod Withdrawal (CRW) or as fast. The paper focuses on fast UTOP accidents, which occur in a few milliseconds, and three different scenarios are considered: rupture of the core support plate, uncontrolled passage of a gas bubble inside the core and core mechanical distortion such as a core flowering/compaction during an earthquake. Several levels and rates of reactivity insertions are also considered and the thermal-mechanical behavior of an ASTRID fuel pin from the ASTRID CFV core is simulated with the GERMINAL code. Two types of fuel pins are simulated, inner and outer core pins, and three different burn-up are considered. Moreover, the feedback from the CABRI programs on these type of transients is used in order to evaluate the failure mechanism in terms of kinetics of energy injection and fuel melting. The CABRI experiments complete the analysis made with GERMINAL calculations and have shown that three dominant mechanisms can be considered as responsible for pin failure or onset of pin degradation during ULOF/UTOP accident: molten cavity pressure loading, fuel-cladding mechanical interaction (FCMI) and fuel break-up. The study is one of the first step in fast UTOP accidents modelling with GERMINAL and it has shown that the code can already succeed in modelling these type of scenarios up to the sodium boiling point. The modeling of the radial propagation of the melting front, validated by comparison with CABRI tests, is already very efficient.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.993-1001
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• 2024

The TANDEM project is a European initiative funded under the EURATOM program. The project started on September 2022 and has a duration of 36 months. TANDEM stands for Small Modular ReacTor for a European sAfe aNd Decarbonized Energy Mix. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) can be hybridized with other energy sources, storage systems and energy conversion applications to provide electricity, heat and hydrogen. Hybrid energy systems have the potential to strongly contribute to the energy decarbonization targeting carbon-neutrality in Europe by 2050. However, the integration of nuclear reactors, particularly SMRs, in hybrid energy systems, is a new R&D topic to be investigated. In this context, the TANDEM project aims to develop assessments and tools to facilitate the safe and efficient integration of SMRs into low-carbon hybrid energy systems. An open-source "TANDEM" model library of hybrid system components will be developed in Modelica language which, by coupling, will extend the capabilities of existing tools implemented in the project. The project proposes to specifically address the safety issues of SMRs related to their integration into hybrid energy systems, involving specific interactions between SMRs and the rest of the hybrid systems; new initiating events may have to be considered in the safety approach. TANDEM will study two hybrid systems covering the main trends of the European energy policy and market evolution at 2035's horizon: a district heating network and power supply in a large urban area, and an energy hub serving energy conversion systems, including hydrogen production; the energy hub is inspired from a harbor-like infrastructure. TANDEM will provide assessments on SMR safety, hybrid system operationality and techno-economics. Societal considerations will also be encased by analyzing European citizen engagement in SMR technology safety.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.880-885
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• 2024

For Safety Assisted Engineering works, real-time simulators have emerged as a mandatory tool among all the key actors involved in the nuclear industry (utilities, designers and safety authorities). EDF, Electricité de France, as the leading worldwide nuclear power plant operator, has a crucial need for efficient and updated simulation tools for training, operating and safety analysis support. This paper will present the work performed at EDF/DT to develop a new generation of engineering simulator to fulfil these tasks. The project is called SiRENE, which is the acronym of Re-hosted Engineering Simulator in French. The project has been economically challenging. Therefore, to benefit from existing tools and experience, the SiRENE project combines: - A part of the process issued from the operating fleet training full-scope simulator. - An improvement of the simulator prediction reliability with the integration of High-Fidelity models, used in Safety Analysis. These High-Fidelity models address Nuclear Steam Supply System code, with CATHARE thermal-hydraulics system code and neutronics, with COCCINELLE code. - And taking advantage of the last generation and improvements of instructor station. The intensive and challenging uses of the new SiRENE engineering simulator are also discussed. The SiRENE simulator has to address different topics such as verification and validation of operating procedures, identification of safety paths, tests of I&C developments or modifications, tests on hydraulics system components (pump, valve etc.), support studies for Probabilistic Safety Analysis (PSA). etc. It also emerges that SiRENE simulator is a valuable tool for self-training of the newcomers in EDF nuclear engineering centers. As a modifiable tool and thanks to a skillful team managing the SiRENE project, specific and adapted modifications can be taken into account very quickly, in order to provide the best answers for our users' specific issues. Finally, the SiRENE simulator, and the associated configurations, has been distributed among the different engineering centers at EDF (DT in Lyon, DIPDE in Marseille and CNEPE in Tours). This distribution highlights a strong synergy and complementarity of the different engineering institutes at EDF, working together for a safer and a more profitable operating fleet.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2024

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dosimetry for a tooth from an individual exposed is well known as retrospective dosimetry in radiological accidents. A major constraint of the conventional X-band tooth-EPR dosimetry is the necessity to extract the tooth of the exposed patient for dose assessment. In this study, to conduct the dose assessments of exposed patients through part-extraction of tooth enamel, the minimum detectable dose (MDD) of the tooth enamel was evaluated based on the amount of mass. Further, a field test was conducted via intercomparison using various dose assessment methods to verify the feasibility of X-band tooth-EPR dosimetry using the minimum mass of tooth enamel. The intercomparison results demonstrated that effective dose determination via X-band tooth-EPR dosimetry is reliable. Consequently, it was determined that the minimum mass of tooth enamel required to evaluate an absorbed dose above 0.5 Gy is 15 mg. Thus, EPR dosimetry using 15 mg of tooth enamel can be applied in the triage and initial medical response stages for patients exposed during radiological accidents. This approach represents an advancement in managing radiological accidents by offering a more efficient and less invasive method of dose assessment.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.176-183
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• 2013

담수조류인 그물말 (Hydrodictyon reticulatum, HR)의 실용적 당화조건 확립을 위해 산 가수분해 방법으로서 one-step acid hydrolysis과 two-step acid hydrolysis, 그리고 산가수분해 후 효소가수분해를 병행하는 combined hydrolysis를 검토하였다. One-step acid hydrolysis의 경우, $120^{\circ}C$에서 HR 4% 고형분을 2% 황산 용액에 넣어 1시간 동안 반응시킬 경우가 적정하였다. Two-step acid hydrolysis의 적정조건은 1차 가수분해시 HR 건조중: 72% 황산을 1 g : 1.5mL로 하여 $60^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 반응시킨 다음, 증류수 23.5 mL를 첨가하고 $120^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 가수분해시키는 것이었다. Combined hydrolysis의 경우, 2% 염산에 25%의 HR 고형분을 넣고 $120^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 반응시킨 후, citrate buffer로 4% 고형분 함량이 되도록 희석하고 E1+E2 효소를 각각 1+0.2 mL g $DM^{-1}$ 수준으로 첨가하여 $50^{\circ}C$에서 1~2일 동안 반응시키는 것이 바람직하였다. Glucose 생성량, 발효억제물질(HMF, furfural) 생성량, 강산 사용제한 등을 종합적으로 감안할 때, combined hydolysis가 보다 유용할 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.26-46
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• 2020

이 연구의 목표는 관개된 옥수수 밭에서의 복사, 에너지 및 엔트로피의 교환을 평가하고 문서화하는 것이다. 열역학적 관점에서, 우리는 이 농업생태계를 태양 복사로 인해 시스템 내부와 외부 사이에 큰 경도(gradient)가 부여되는 열린 열역학적 시스템으로 간주하였다. 따라서 시스템이 평형에서 멀어질 때, 열역학적 원칙에 따라 비평형 소산 과정(nonequilibrium dissipative process)인 이 생태-사회시스템이 모든 생물, 물리, 화학 및 인위적 구성 요소를 사용하여 태양으로부터 주어진 경도에 저항하여 이를 감소시키도록 움직인다고 가정하였다. 이 가설을 검증하기 위한 첫 단계로서 미국 네브라스카의 옥수수 밭에 위치한 AmeriFlux의 NE1 사이트에서 2003년부터 2014년까지 관측된 플럭스 및 미기상 자료를 사용하여 복사, 에너지 및 엔트로피의 교환을 정량화하였다. 12년 평균한 생장기간의 결과에 따르면, 시스템의 에너지 포획(순복사와 하향단파복사의 비, R_n/R_s↓)은 옥수수의 생장과 함께 증가하였고, 생장기간이 비생장기간보다 약 80% 높았다. 생장기간 동안 시스템 내의 엔트로피 생성(σ)은 평균 9.56 MJ m^-2 K^-1이었고, 주로 하향단파 복사에 의해 결정되었다. 엔트로피 수송(J)은 잠열플럭스, 순장파복사, 현열플럭스의 순으로 기여하였고, 시스템 외부 환경으로 퍼낸 양은 σ의 ~84%에 해당하는 -7.99 MJ m^-2 K^-1이었다. 따라서 매년 생장 기간동안 시스템 내에 순 축적된 엔트로피(dS/dt)는 1.57 MJ m^-2 K^-1이었다. 탄소 흡수 효율(CUE)은 1.25~1.62, 물 사용 효율(WUE)은 1.98~2.92 g C (kg H₂O)^-1이었고 모두 옥수수의 성장과 함께 증가하였다. 극심한 가뭄으로 관개가 더 빈번하게 행해진 2012년의 경우, σ와 J가 모두 평년보다 10% 많은 최대값을 보였고, 그 결과 서로 대부분 상쇄되어 dS/dt는 평년보다 조금 높은 수준에 머물렀다. 가뭄 중에도 빈번한 관개로 인해 엔트로피 수송의 주된 경로가 현열플럭스에서 잠열플럭스로 바뀌면서 생산량과 CUE는 평년 값을 웃돌았으나 물과 빛의 사용 효율은 오히려 낮아졌다. 이러한 결과에 근거하여 관개된 옥수수 생태-사회시스템의 지속가능성의 변화를 평가하기에는 아직 여러가지 문제가 남아있다. 자기-조직화 과정은 시스템과 주변 간의 경도를 효과적으로 감소시키는 역할을 한다. 따라서 엔트로피 자료와 함께, 지속가능성의 척도가 되는 자기-조직화 역량을 나타내는 스펙트랄 엔트로피, 또는 하부시스템의 구조 및 에너지·물질의 흐름의 강도와 방향의 변화를 가늠할 수 있는 역학적 과정망(dynamic process network) 분석 등의 추가 연구가 병행되어야 한다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.63-71
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• 1977

${\times}$Populus albaglandulosa의 용도별(用途別), 입지별(立地別) 단위면적당(單位積面當) 적정(適正) 식재본수(植栽本數)를 임내수광량(林內受光量)으로 예측(豫測)하기 위(爲)하여 포지(圃地)에 인위조절(人爲調節)한 식재밀도하(植栽密度下)에서 우선(于先) 엽령별(葉齡別) 광합성(光合成)을 조사(調査)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 성숙엽(成熟葉)은 유엽(幼葉)보다 저온(低溫)에서 광합성(光合成)이 시작(始作)되고 $8^{\circ}C$부터는 절대광합성량(絶大光合成量)이 유엽(幼葉)보다 증대(增大)한다. 2. 유엽(幼葉)의 최대광합성(最大光合成) 온도(溫度)는 $30^{\circ}C$정도이고 성숙엽(成熟葉)은 $25^{\circ}C$정도이다. 또한 일반적(一般的)으로 적정(適正) 온도(溫度)($25^{\circ}C$)에서의 절대(絶對) 광합성량(光合成量)은 성숙엽(成熟葉)이 높다. 3. 엽령별(葉齡別) 광포화점(光飽和點)은 다소간(多少間) 차이(差異)는 있으나 대체적(大體的)으로 28~35Klux이다. 4. 포화광(飽和光)에서 광합성(光合成) 속도(速度)는 엽령(葉齡)에 따라 큰 차이(差異)가 있었다. 즉(即) 70일(日) 이상(以上)의 노엽(老葉)은 가장 저하(低下)하여 $1.6\;CO_2\;mg/dm^2/hr$이고 5일(日)과 15일(日), 25일(日)의 유엽(幼葉)은 $1.7{\sim}2.2\;CO_2\;mg/dm^2/hr$이다. 그러나 성숙엽(成熟葉)은 높아서 $2.9{\sim}3.1\;CO_2\;mg/dm^2/hr$이었다. 5. $CO_2$ 보상점(補償點)은 엽령(葉齡) 5일(日)인 유엽(幼葉)이 가장 높고 그리고 엽령(葉齡) 35일(日)의 엽(葉)이 가장 낮았다. 6. 유엽(幼葉)과 노엽(老葉)의 암호흡(暗呼吸) 속도(速度)는 성숙엽(成熟葉)에 비(比)하여 높다. 7. 식재밀도(植栽密度)가 $80cm{\times}80cm$인곳의 임목(林木)은 묘고(苗高)의 $\frac{1}{3}$이상(以上)이고 상대조도(相對照度) 35%이상(以上)인 부위(部位)의 착생엽(着生葉)이 축적성생산엽(畜積性生產葉)이다.