• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.833-840
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• 2012

This study aimed to investigate growth rate and nutrient removal efficiency of Chlorella vulgaris according to nitrogen sources and frequency of pH adjustment. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies were evaluated in the three different conditions using $NO_3{^-}$, $NH_4{^+}$ as a sole nitrogen source and mixed condition. Initial nutrient concentrations in artificial wastewater were 30 mg-N/L and 3 mg-P/L similar to secondary wastewater effluent. When nitrogen source was $NO_3{^-}$, there was no inhibition on the growth of C. vulgaris with adjusting pH every 24 hr while growth inhibition occurred with $NH_4{^+}$ caused by pH drop. N, P removal efficiencies were no significant depending on the nitrogen sources. As pH was adjusted to 7 by pH-stat, growth rate and nutrient removal efficiencies were increased compared to adjusting pH every 24 hr, however, growth rate and nutrient removal efficiencies were no significant depending on the nitrogen sources.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.207-207
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• 1996

Through molecular cloning, five muscarinic receptors have been identified. The muscarinic receptors can be generally grouped according to their coupling to either stimulation of phospholipase C (m1, m3, and m5) or the inhibition of adenylate cyclase (m2 and m4). Each m1, m3, and m5 receptors has the additional potential to couple to the activation of phospholipase A$_2$, C, and D, tyrosine kinase, and the mobilization of Ca$\^$2+/. However, the differences in coupling efficiencies to different second messenger systems between these receptors have not been studied well. Ectopic expression of each of these receptors in mammalian cells has provided the opportunity to evaluate the signal transduction of each in some detail. In this work we compared the coupling efficiencies of the m1, m3 and m5 muscarinic receptors expressed in chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to the Ca$\^$2+/ mobilization and the stimulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Because G protein/PLC/PI turnover/[(Ca$\^$2+/])i/NOS pathway was supposed as a main pathway for the production of nitric oxide via muscarinic receptors, we studied on ml, m3 and m5 receptors. Stimulation of guanylate cyclase activity in detector neuroblastoma cells was used as an index of generation nitric oxide (NO) in CHO cells. The agonist carbachol increased the cGMP formation and the intracellular [Ca$\^$2+/] in concentration dependent manner in three types of receptors and the increased cGMP formation was significantly attenuated by scavenger of NO or inhibitor of NOS. m5 receptors was most efficiently coupled to stimulation of nNOS, And, the coupling efficiencies to the stimulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in three types of receptors were parallel with them to the Ca$\^$2+/ mobilization.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.129-135
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• 2005

In this study, we have analyzed the removal efficiencies of $SO_2$ and $SO_2/NO$ by the pulsed corona discharge process and investigated the effects of several process variables on those removal efficiencies systematically. The effects of process variables such as applied voltage, pulse frequency, residence time, and initial concentrations of reactants (NO, $SO_2$, $NH_3$, $H_2O$, and $O_2$) on the removal efficiency were analyzed. As the applied voltage, the pulse frequency or the residence time increases or as the $O_2$ or the $H_2O$ or the $NH_3$ concentration in the inlet feed gas stream increases, the $SO_2$ removal efficiencies and the simultaneous removal efficiencies of $SO_2/NO$ also increase. These experimental results can be used as a basis to design the pulsed corona discharge process to remove $NO_x$ and $SO_x$.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.365-408
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• 2014

The purpose of this paper is to compare efficiencies, two stage efficiencies, and the reduction of economic growth due to the restraint of $CO_2$ and fossil fuel in two efficiency approach by pointing out the limit of traditional efficiency approach and introducing material balance approach. The efficiencies under the traditional approach and the material balance approach report significant gaps when they are analyzed in detail. Especially, in case not including fossil fuels, the low income countries show the bad performance of production efficiencies, but OECD and high-middle income countries reveal the better performance than that of the low countries. It fails to reflect the reality justly. Based on the material balance approach, the low income countries report the higher performance and the alleviated effect of environmental components for economic growth than OECD's.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 1992

To test the availability of soybean meal as a protein source and to increase its effectiveness in the diets for the fingerlings of red seabream, some feeding trials were conducted. Two different types of diet, steam pellet and soft dry pellet, contained various levels of soybean meal, were used. The growth, feed efficiencies, and body compositions were examined after the feeding trials. Results of the experiments suggested that dietary protein level could be reduced from $52{\%}$ to $47{\%}$ by elevating dietary energy level from $13{\%}$ to $21{\%}$ with lipid. The best results of growth and feed efficiencies were achieved by the diet that containing $47{\%}$ of crude protein and $20{\%}$ of crude lipids. The growths and feed efficiencies showed no difference when $20{\%}$ of fish meal in the experimental diet were substituted by soybean meal. Therefore, $20{\%}$ of fish meal could be substituted by soybean meal without reducing growth rates or feed efficiencies of fingerling red sea bream.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.79-94
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate the production efficiencies of the Korean aquaculture fishery with respect to species and methods using a Data Envelopment Analysis. The study extracted the 8 fishes in each of the sea cage culture, aquarium basin, and enclosed aquaculture for the analytical purposes. First, the study estimated the technical, pure technical, and scale efficiencies of the total of 24 aquaculture fishes based on the traditional DEA under the assumptions of both CRS and VRS. 2 fishes were identified as the efficient DMUs under the CCR-model, and 6 fishes under the BCC-model. Second, we tested to see if there was any difference in production efficiencies regarding those three different methods of aquaculture. we could not find any evidence of the differences in efficiency using a rank sum test based on the traditional DEA. However, we could do find that the pure technical efficiency in the sea cage culture was lower than others at 1% level of significance and the pure technical efficiency in enclosed aquaculture was also lower than others at 5% level of significance using Bilateral-DEA, which could explicitly consider the heterogeneity in the 3 production methods of aquaculture. Finally, the study obtained the 95% confidence intervals of the efficiency scores for the 24 fishes under our study using the smoothed bootstraping method in the process of the re-sampling in cooperation with both a kernel density estimation and a reflection method. At the same time, we could estimate the bias-corrected efficiency scores while the traditionally estimated efficiency scores suffered from the biases in the process of solving a linear programming with the deterministic nature of a production frontier. And hence, we could distinguish the differences in production efficiencies of the 8 fishes with respect to those 3 methods of aquaculture.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 2004

The optimized in vitro culture system was investigated for improvement of regeneration efficiencies by observing the responses of scutella-derived callus of Korean rice (Oryza sativa L.). Large variations of callus induction (43.9-93.9%) and shoot regeneration (0-88.7%) were observed among the rice cultivars depending on medium. However, shoot regeneration was significantly improved by selected utilization of basal medium, growth regulators, and carbon sources. N6 basal medium was more efficient for embryogenic callus induction than MS or LS basal medium, while MS was superior to N6 for shoot regeneration. The calli of highly regenerative cultivars grew faster and showed higher rates of green tissue formation (GT) and shoot regeneration (SR) and lower rate of callus browning (CB) than those of recalcitrant cultivars. Although a higher level of kinetin stimulated the GT and SR in highly regenerative cultivars, $10\textrm{mgL}^{-1}$ kinetin generally suppressed the GT and SR, while CB was accelerated compared to $2\textrm{mgL}^{-1}$ kinetin. Additional benefits of sorbitol combined with maltose (or sucrose) under $5\textrm{mgL}^{-1}$ kinetin were certainly confirmed on regeneration efficiencies compared to sucrose alone as carbon source and osmotic regulator. This combination showed high rate of GT and SR with multiple shoots while low rate of CB. With MSRK5SM-Pr medium ($5\textrm{mgL}^{-1}$ kinetin, 3% sorbitol, 2% maltose, $500\textrm{mgL}^{-1}$ proline), the regeneration efficiencies of total 17 out of 24 cultivars were practically improved 160% on average compared to MSRK2S ($2\textrm{mgL}^{-1}$ kinetin, 3% sucrose) control medium. Especially, the medium was most effective to the cultivars showing a medium level of regenerability such as Daesanbyeo and Dongjinbyeo and Suwon477, enhancing efficiencies more than 300-600% compared to MSRK2S medium.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.31-41
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• 2011

The objectives of this study were to investigate the efficiencies of the stabilizers such as mono-potassium phosphate (MKP), phosphate fertilizer and red mud in treating the mine tailings contaminated with heavy metals and to characterize the changes in fractionations of the heavy metals during the stabilization. The TCLP results showed that the stabilization efficiencies of Cd, Pb and Zn increased with the increase in the stabilizer dosage and the reaction times. MKP showed the highest efficiencies for the heavy metals stabilization among the stabilizers tested. When the mine tailings were amended with MKP, the TCLP concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn were reduced by 79~97%, 61~84%, and 89~99%, respectively. When the composite stabilizers, MKP/phosphate fertilizer or MKP/red mud, were used, the stabilization efficiencies were lower than when MKP was used as a single stabilizer. The sequential extraction results showed that carbonates fraction of Cd and Zn increased generally. Especially, when red mud was used, carbonates fraction of Cd and Zn increased 5 and 18 times, respectively. In the case of Pb, the treatment with MKP increased residual fraction by 10 times. The results showed that MKP was the most effective in stabilizing the heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) to improve the efficacy of the composite binders.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2017

This research was conducted to analyze removal efficiencies of non-point pollution source (NPS) in low impact development (LID) facilities with vegetation. In this research, removal efficiencies of NPS were calculated using rainfall monitoring data for 5 years in grassed swale (GS) and vegetative filter strip (VFS). TSS was greater than other pollutants, and it ranged 11.9 ~ 351.7 mg/L in GS and 12.8 ~ 350.7 mg/L in VFS. Outflow EMCs were reduced than inflow EMCs, overall removal efficiencies of NPS were 67 ~ 86% in GS and 63 ~ 91% in VFS. 50 % reduction efficiency of rainfall runoff was observed between inflow and outflow in each LID facility. TSS removal efficiency in GS and VFS was correlated with rainfall characteristics. The rainfall for TSS removal efficiency over 50% was determined about 31 mm, 34 mm and average rainfall intensity was 3.0 mm/hr, 3.9 mm/hr in GS and VFS. Therefore, GS and VFS were regarded effective LID facilities as removal of pollutants and rainfall runoff. Also, this research result can be used as an important data for management of NPS.

• Clean Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.167-172
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• 2002

The adaptability of earthworm casts produced form the waste sludge of pulp and paper plants for a biocarrier used in the advanced wastewater treatment was investigated. Removal efficiencies of nutrients in the activated sludge technology without carrier were compared with those treated with carrier made of casts under the different conditions such as the composition of the input and kinds of carrier. When the waste water was treated in the activated sludge technology without carriers, removal efficiencies of T-P and T-N were average values of 31% and 52%, respectively. On the contrary, pellet type carrier and pack type carrier increased the removal efficiencies of T-P and T-N by 1.3~1.4 and 1.9~2.0 times, respectively. At the same time, the high removal of T-P and T-N were observed irrespective of the types of carrier in which many kinds of microorganisms were grown. The difference in the removal efficiencies of BOD and COD between the treatment with and without carrier was negligible. According to this research, the carrier made of casts was thought to be highly applicable in the advanced wastewater treatment.