• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제48권7호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the liquefaction behaviour and predict deviator stress with matric suction, of unsaturated silty sand. The unsaturated soil tests were conducted using a modified triaxial cell and specimens were prepared using the moisture tamping method. The axis translation technique was used to create the desired matric suctions in the specimen. Undrained triaxial compression tests were carried out at matric suction of 0, 2, 5, 10 and 25 kPa. The specimens were sheared to axial strains of about 20% to obtain steady state conditions. The results showed that liquefaction of silty sand only occurs at matric suction of 0 kPa and 2 kPa. The results also show that at matric suctions of 5, 10 and 25 kPa, the resistance to liquefaction increases. As the suction increases, the undrained effective stress path approached the drained stress path. Also, the predicted and measured maximum deviator stress for unsaturated soils using the effective stress concept showed good agreement as matric suction increases. The deviator stress increase is nonlinear as matric suction increases.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2016

보은 화강암 풍화토에 대한 불포화 특성을 조사하기 위하여 자동 흙-함수특성곡선 시험장치를 이용하여 건조 및 습윤과정에 따른 모관흡수력과 체적함수비를 측정하였다. 이를 토대로 van Genuchten(1980)의 방법을 이용하여 흙-함수특성곡선(SWCC)을 산정한 결과 유효포화도에 따른 모관흡수력은 S자형의 비선형적인 관계를 나타내며, 건조 및 습윤과정을 거치는 동안 이력현상이 발생되었다. Lu and Likos(2006)의 방법을 이용하여 흡입응력특성곡선(SSCC)을 산정한 결과 유효포화도가 낮은 경우 건조과정의 흡입응력은 일정하게 유지되나 습윤과정의 흡입응력은 증가하는 경향을 보인다. 그러나 유효포화도가 큰 경우에는 동일한 유효포화도에서 건조과정의 흡입응력이 습윤과정의 흡입응력보다 크게 발생되었다. 한편 계수추정방법의 하나인 van Genuchten(1980)의 방법을 이용하여 투수계수함수(HCF)를 산정한 결과 모관흡수력이 증가함에 따라 불포화 투수계수는 감소하며, 모관흡수력에 따른 불포화 투수계수의 감소 속도는 건조과정이 습윤과정보다 더 크게 발생됨을 알 수 있다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2000년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.303-310
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• 2000

A new stress path testing scheme with back pressure equalization process is proposed, to compute the settlement of clay soils based on their probable deformation mode. The proposed testing scheme minimizes the efforts for testing, otherwise numerous testing works are required to simulate the probable stress paths in the field. Furthermore, the proposed testing scheme can supply anisotropic stress paths for consolidation which cannot be possible in a conventional way. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed testing scheme was investigated and confirmed with test results on remolded kaolinite clay soils. Conclusively, it is suggested that the proposed testing scheme is a very effective tool to compute settlement of clay soils and it is also very useful to investigate the anisotropic characteristics of deformation of clay soils.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 자동 흙-함수특성곡선 시험장치를 이용하여 새만금지역에서 채취한 준설토의 모관흡수력과 체적함수비를 측정하였다. 측정결과를 토대로 Van Genuchten(1980)의 방법을 이용하여 흙-함수특성곡선(SWCC)을 산정하였다. 동일한 유효포화도에서 건조과정의 모관흡수력은 습윤과정의 모관흡수력보다 크게 나타났다. Lu and Likos(2006)의 방법을 이용하여 모관흡수력에 따른 흡입응력을 산정하고, 흙-함수특성곡선(SWCC)의 불포화 관련계수를 토대로 흡입응력특성곡선(SSCC)을 예측하였다. 건조과정의 흡입응력은 유효포화도가 증가함에 따라 증가하다가 감소하지만 습윤과정의 흡입응력은 유효포화도가 증가함에 따라 지속적으로 감소한다. 또한 동일한 유효포화도에서 건조과정의 흡입응력은 습윤과정의 흡입응력보다 크게 나타났다. 한편 van Genuchten(1980)의 방법을 이용하여 투수계수함수(HCF)를 예측하였다. 체적함수비가 증가함에 따라 불포화 투수계수는 증가하며, 동일한 모관흡수력에서 건조과정의 투수계수가 습윤과정의 투수계수보다 크게 나타났다. 흙-함수특성곡선(SWCC)과 흡입응력특성곡선(SSCC)의 산정결과에 의하면 건조 및 습윤과정에서 흡입응력 혹은 모관흡수력에 대한 이력현상이 발생되었다. 이러한 이력현상은 흙입자 사이의 간극수로 인한 잉크병 효과에 의한 것이다.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.348-353
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• 2015

The PEPS(Polar-coordinated Effective Plastic Strain) FLD(Forming Limit Diagram), a new type of FLD based on a polar representation of the EPS(Effective Plastic Strain), appears to be an effective solution to the problem of non-linear strain path effects. This method has the advantages of the familiar strain-based diagram for linear loading, but without the strain-hardening limitations of the stress-based diagram, or non-intuitive aspects of alternate Cartesian diagrams based on effective plastic strain. In the current study, the PEPS FLD was applied to the development process of an aluminum automobile-body panel, including the necking or crack prediction, die design, and die modification. As a result, the PEPS FLD provided improved formability of aluminum sheet as compared to deriving the potential formability with non-linearity.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제29권 5호
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• pp.303-321
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• 2022

The current design equations for predicting the torsional capacity of RC members underestimate the torsional strength of under-reinforced members and overestimate the torsional strength of over-reinforced members. This is because the design equations consider only the yield strength of torsional reinforcement and the cross-sectional properties of members in determining the torsional capacity. This paper presents an analytical model to predict the thickness of shear flow path in RC beams subjected to pure torsion. The analytical model assumes that torsional reinforcement resists torsional moment with a sufficient deformation capacity until concrete fails by crushing. The ACI 318 code is modified by applying analytical results from the proposed model such as the average stress of torsional reinforcement and the effective gross area enclosed by the shear flow path. Comparison of the calculated and observed torsional strengths of existing 129 test beams showed good agreement. Two design variables related to the compressive strength of concrete in the proposed model are approximated for design application. The accuracy of the ACI 318 code for the over-reinforced test beams improved somewhat with the use of the approximations for the average stresses of reinforcements and the effective gross area enclosed by the shear flow path.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.578-587
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to understand the mechanisms of decision regret and stress of family surrogates' end-of-life decision making using an exploratory path model. In particular, the research identified the direct effects of perceptions of uncertainty and effective decisions on decision regret and stress, and examined the indirect effects of being informed, having clear values, and being supported for decision regret and the stress of end-of-life decision making through the mediating variables of perceptions of uncertainty and effective decisions. Methods: Data were collected from 102 family surrogates who had participated in end-of-life decision making for patients with terminal cancer in a tertiary hospital. Results: Perception of effective decisions was a significant direct predictor of decision regret, and uncertainty was a significant predictor of stress among the participants. Being informed, having clear values, and being supported had a significant indirect influence on decision regret through the perception of effective decisions among family surrogates. However, only having clear values had a significant indirect influence on stress through the perception of uncertainty. The model explained 63.0% of decision regret and 20.0% of stress among the participants and showed a good fit with the data, ${\chi}^2=12.40$ (df=8, p=.134), TLI=.97, and RMSEA=.07. Conclusion: Nurses can support family surrogates in end-of-life decision-making processes to decrease their decision regret by providing information about end-of-life care choices, clarifying personal values, and supporting the decision-making process, and to relieve their stress by facilitating the clarification of personal values.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2011

풍화토의 다짐성형 시료에 대한 삼축시험의 $K_0$ 압밀 결과를 바탕으로 불포화토에 대한 유효응력 가설을 검증하였다. 흡수응력 특성곡선은 함수특성에 관한 불포화토 거동을 기술하며, 전단강도나 함수특성곡선으로부터 구할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 K0 압밀 경로도 흡수응력 특성곡선을 정의할 수 있음을 밝혔다. 그리고 흡수응력에 근거하여 유효응력을 정의할 수 있었다. 다양한 모관흡수력 하에서 $K_0$ 경로는 유효응력에 의하여 유일한 직선으로 기술될 수 있었다. 또한 측정된 $K_0$ 값은 유효응력에 의하여 임의의 모관흡수력에 대하여 일정한 값으로 분석되었다. $K_0$ 압밀경로로부터 구한 흡수응력 특성곡선은 파괴규준으로부터 구한 것과 일치한다. 특히 함수특성곡선으로부터 구한 흡수응력 특성곡선이 $K_0$ 압밀 경로 및 파괴시 응력에서 나타나는 유효응력 거동을 모두 일관되게 기술할 수 있었다. 흡수응력 특성곡선에 기반한 유효응력은 압밀에서 파괴에 이르는 불포화토의 전 거동을 기술할 수 있다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.2805-2826
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• 2021

In most cases, the routing policy of networks shows a preference for a static one-to-one mapping of communication pairs to routing paths, which offers adversaries a great advantage to conduct thorough reconnaissance and organize an effective attack in a stress-free manner. With the evolution of network intelligence, some flexible and adaptive routing policies have already proposed to intensify the network defender to turn the situation. Routing mutation is an effective strategy that can invalidate the unvarying nature of routing information that attackers have collected from exploiting the static configuration of the network. However, three constraints execute press on routing mutation deployment in practical: insufficient route mutation space, expensive control costs, and incompatibility. To enhance the availability of route mutation, we propose an OpenFlow-based route mutation technique called Polymorphic Path Transferring (PPT), which adopts a physical and virtual path segment mixed construction technique to enlarge the routing path space for elevating the security of communication. Based on the Markov Decision Process, with considering flows distribution in the network, the PPT adopts an evolution routing path scheduling algorithm with a segment path update strategy, which relieves the press on the overhead of control and incompatibility. Our analysis demonstrates that PPT can secure data delivery in the worst network environment while countering sophisticated attacks in an evasion-free manner (e.g., advanced persistent threat). Case study and experiment results show its effectiveness in proactively defending against targeted attacks and its advantage compared with previous route mutation methods.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2004

The analysis about consolidation characteristic in soft clay has been depending one-dimension consolidation analysis. but, drain and undrain zone are explicated as homogeneous by consolidation behavior following consoli- dated settlementsoft in soft clay. 1) Established sand drain in soft clay in many types, and measured water content, unconfined compression strength, vertical stress, horizontal stress, vertical settlement, pore water pressure. 2) Arranged the result from the test and numerically explicated effective stress, total stress, and effective stress path at the drain and undrain zone. 3) We also analyzed and comparied elastic and elastic-plastic in soft clay using measured data. The result analyzed does not approach to a special theory, but, it is well in accord with the result of other investigator's study in the same condition.