• 대한약침학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.225-230
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• 2016

Objectives: Mellitine, a major component of bee venom (BV, Apis mellifera), is more active against gram positive than gram negative bacteria. Moreover, BV has been reported to have multiple effects, including antibacterial, antivirus, and anti-inflammation effects, in various types of cells. In addition, wasp venom has been reported to have antibacterial properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of BV against selected gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains of medical importance. Methods: This investigation was set up to evaluate the antibacterial activity of BV against six grams positive and gram negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei. Three concentrations of crude BV and standard antibiotic (gentamicin) disks as positive controls were tested by using the disc diffusion method. Results: BV was found to have a significant antibacterial effect against E. coli, S. aureus, and Salmonella typhyimurium in all three concentrations tested. However, BV had no noticeable effect on other tested bacteria for any of the three doses tested. Conclusion: The results of the current study indicate that BV inhibits the growth and survival of bacterial strains and that BV can be used as a complementary antimicrobial agent against pathogenic bacteria. BV lacked the effective proteins necessary for it to exhibit antibacterial activity for some specific strains while being very effective against other specific strains. Thus, one may conclude, that Apis mellifera venom may have a specific mechanism that allows it to have an antibacterial effect on certain susceptible bacteria, but that mechanism is not well understood.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.6-9
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• 1990

Specific activities of ADC and ODC from 2-4 year old ones were higher than that from seedlings whereas those activities were not changed significantly from 2 to 4 years. Generally, activity of ADC was predorminant compared to that of ODC. Free arginine content in roots was much higher than that of leaves. And arginase specific activity from roots was higher than that of leaves. Cumulative results suggest that putrscine formation from ornithine in roots may be more effective than leaves and contribute to putrescine biosynthesis to some extract.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2002

A series of modified oligonucleotides containing a phosphorothioate (P=S) backbone and a six-membered azasugar (6-AZS) as a sugar substitute in a nucleotide were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus type I(HIV-l) in vitro without the aid of any transfecting agents. While P=S oligonucleotides with natural nucleotides had little anti-HIV-l activity, the six-membered azasugar nucleotide (6-AZN)-containing P=S oligonucleotides (AZPSONs) potently inhibited the HIV-l/SHIV replication and syncytium formation (ECso = 0.02-0.2 /lM) without cytotoxicity up to 100 /lM. DBM-2198, the most effective in anti-HIV-l activity among the AZPSONs, consists of random sequence and five 6¬AZNs evenly distributed in 18 nucleotides. DBM-2198 showed strong antiviral activity against, not only laboratory strains, but also primary isolates and even drug-resistant strains of HIV-I. DBM-2198 was much more effective than ddI or ddC in its anti-HIV-l activity in vitro. Particularly noteworthy is that the anti-HIV-l activity of DBM-2198 was better than that of AZT with respect to its long-lasting efficacy after a single treatment. Nevertheless, the antiviral activity of the AZPSONs was very specific to HIV-I. Poliovirus, or even simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), was not inhibited by the AZPSONs. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that AZPSON can be used as a safe and effective AIDS-therapeutic drug against a broad spectrum of HIV -1 strains.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.247-257
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• 2008

To understand the activity of non-specific defence factors in cultured Sebastes, the antibacterial effect of the serum, skin mucus and homogenate of various organs from cultured oblong rockfish (Sebastes oblongus) and rockfish(Sebastes schlegeli) against pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio anguillarum, and Streptococcus sp. was compared with that of flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus) and seabass(Leteolabrax japonicus). And the activities of proteolytic enzyme, chitinolytic enzyme and haemolycin as non-specific defence factor were investigated on the oblong rockfish and rockfish. Samples from oblong rockfish showed the highest antibacterial activity by lysoplate assay on agar plate mixed with pathogens, followed in descending order by rockfish, seabass, and flounder. Turbidimetric assay was carried to evaluate the lysozyme activity of fish samples against lyophilized cells of Micrococcus lysodeiktikus. The serum, kidney, liver, stomach, intestine and eyeball of oblong rockfish and the mucus and gill of rockfish appeared to have the highest lysozyme activity among the fish strains investigated. All samples except skin mucus, liver, and eyeball of oblong rockfish and rockfish showed proteolytic enzyme activity. Chitinolytic enzyme activity was showed in random sampling and haemolytic activity was remarkable in oblong rockfish. Therefore, Sebastes strain was proved to have effective defense mechanisms based on the antibacterial activities, and lysozyme, proteolytic enzyme, chitinolytic enzyme, and haemolycin were considered to act as the non-specific defence factor of Sebastes.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.30-33
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• 2013

Previously we showed that biodegradable nanoparticles containing poly-IC or CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) together with ovalbumin (OVA) were efficient at inducing MHC-restricted presentation of OVA peptides in dendritic cells. The CTL-inducing activities of the nanoparticles were examined in the present study. Nanoparticles containing poly-IC or CpG ODN together with OVA were prepared using biodegradable polymer poly(D,L-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), and then were opsonized with mouse IgG. The nanoparticles were injected into the tail vein of mice, and 7 days later the OVA-specific CTL activities were measured using an in vivo CTL assay. Immunization of mice with the nanoparticles containing poly-IC or CpG ODN together with OVA elicited potent OVA-specific CTL activity compared to those containing OVA only. In accordance with these results, nanoparticles containing poly-IC or CpG ODN together with OVA exerted potent antitumor activity in mice that were subcutaneously implanted with EG7.OVA tumor cells. These results show that encapsulation of poly-IC or CpG ODN together with antigen in biodegradable nanoparticles is an effective approach for the induction of potent antigen-specific CTL responses in vivo.

• 정보처리학회논문지:소프트웨어 및 데이터공학
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2013

스마트폰 가속도 센서를 이용한 사용자 행위 인식은 동일한 행위를 수행하더라도 사용자마다 가속도 데이터 패턴이 서로 달라지는 사용자 의존성 문제를 가지고 있다. 그뿐만 아니라 스마트폰은 사용자의 어느 주머니나 손에도 놓일 수 있기 때문에 위치 의존성 문제도 지니고 있다. 본 논문에서는 특정 사용자나 특정 폰 위치에 대한 의존성이 적은 효과적인 행위 인식 방법을 제안한다. 제안한 방법을 기초로 안드로이드 스마트폰에서 동작하는 실시간 행위 인식 시스템을 구현하였다. 서로 다른 사용자와 서로 다른 폰 위치로부터 수집한 총 6642개의 샘플들을 이용한 실험을 통해, 본 논문에서 제안한 행위 인식 시스템의 성능을 분석하였다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1996

Saccharomyces cerevisiae의 고정화 및 현탁 세포로 구성된 연속식 생물반응기에서 에탄올 생성시 지질 첨가 영향을 연구하였다. 여러가지 배양조건하에서 에탄을 생산량 및 현탁 세포의 알코올 탈수소효소(alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH)의 비활성도를 측정하였다. 무통기 조건하에서 ergosterol과 oleic acid를 세포 배양액에 첨가하였을때, 에탄을 생산량과 균체 생육이 현저히 증가하였으나, 알코올 탈수소효소의 비활성도는 영향을 받지 않았다. 특히 무통기 조건 및 통기 조건하에서 얻어진 현탁 세포간의 알코올 탈수소효소의 비활성도는 차이가 없었다. 계면활성제 첨가시에도 에탄올 생성, 균체 생육, 알코올 탈수소효소의 비활성도가 크게 증가하였다. 고농도($40\;g/{\ell}$ 이상) 에탄올에 노출된 세포배양액에 ergosterol과 oletic acid 첨가시에도 에탄올 생성량, 균체 생육, 알코올 탈수소효소의 비활성도가 증가하였으나, 계면활성제 첨가시에는 효과가 없었다. 따라서, 지질 첨가효과는 저농도 에탄을 조건에 비해 고농도 에탄을 존재시 크게 작용하였다. 여러가지 매양조건에서 얻어진 현탁 세포의 알코올 탈수소효소의 isozyme patteren을 전기영동법에 의해 조사한 결과 ADH I으로 추정되는 한개의 isozyme만이 확인되었으며, isozyme의 이동거리는 세포의 배양조건에 따라 약간의 차이가 있었다. 에탄올 생성량과 알코올 탈수소효소의 비활성도사이의 상관관계는 성립되지 않았으며, 알코올 탈수소효소의 비활성도보다는 균체량이 에탄올 생성에 더 중요한 인자로 작용하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2007

The objectives of this study have been carried out to investigate the solubilization of municipal sewage sludge by single and dual frequency ultrasonic pretreatment, and the methane production characteristics of pretreated sewage sludge by specific methanogenic activity test for sewage sludge reduction. The waste activated sludge was collected from thickened tank of Suyoung sewage treatment plant in Busan city, and its concentration was adjusted to 1.0% total solids. Ultrasonic frequency was varied 15, 20, 15+20 kHz, and acoustic density was used a maximum 176W/L. The dual frequency ultrasonic pretreatment was found to be more effective than single frequency ultrasonic in the solubilization rate and methane production. The $SCOD_{Cr}/TCOD_{Cr}$, rate were 15.2%, 13.9%, 17.0% with single frequency of 15 kH2, 20 kHz, dual frequency of 15+20 kHz, respectively. The application of dual frequency ultrasound for sewage sludge pretreatment can be interest for sewage treatment plants having problems in sludge treatment and disposal.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.932-941
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• 2013

This work aimed to classify Aspergillus (8 species, 28 strains) by using a secondary metabolite profile-based chemotaxonomic classification technique. Secondary metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography ion-trap mass spectrometry (LC-IT-MS) and multivariate statistical analysis. Most strains were generally well separated from each section. A. lentulus was discriminated from the other seven species (A. fumigatus, A. fennelliae, A. niger, A. kawachii, A. flavus, A. oryzae, and A. sojae) with partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) with five discriminate metabolites, including 4,6-dihydroxymellein, fumigatin, 5,8-dihydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid, cyclopiazonic acid, and neosartorin. Among them, neosartorin was identified as an A. lentulus-specific compound that showed anticancer activity, as well as antibacterial effects on Staphylococcus epidermidis. This study showed that metabolite-based chemotaxonomic classification is an effective tool for the classification of Aspergillus spp. with species-specific activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.340-347
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• 1999

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) capable of inducing the primary T cell response to antigen. Although tumor cells express target antigens, they are incapable of stimulating a tumor-specific immune response due to a defect in the costimulatory signal that is required for optimal activation of T cells. In this work, we describe a new approach using tumor-DC coculture to improve the antigen presenting capacity of tumor cells which does not require a source of tumor-associated antigen. Immunization of a weakly immunogenic and progressive tumor cocultured with none marrow-derived DCs generated an effective tumor vaccine. Immunization with the cocutured DCs was able to induce complete protectiv immunity against tumor challenges and was effective for the induction of tumor-specific CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) activity. Furthermore, high NK cell activity was observed in mice in which tumors were rejected. In addition, immunization with tumor-pulsed DC s induced delayed tumor growth, but not tumor eradication in tumor-bearing mice. Our results demonstrate that coculture of DCs with tumors generated antitumor immunity due to the NK cell activation as well as tumor-specific T cell. This approach would be used for designing tumor vaccines using DCs when the information about tumor antigens is limited.