• 센서학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2006

Silica aerogel with ultra low density and high porosity has been focused on versatile application due to its fascinating properties. Ambient drying process of waterglass, in this study was researched to fabricate a crack-free monolith body in the point view of cost effective way. Wet gel was obtained by removing of $Na^{+}$ ions in waterglass, which contains 8 wt% of $SiO_{2}$. Xylene, which has a low vapor pressure, was used as a solution substitutor to prevent the formation a cracks during drying. Various surface modifiers like as hexamethyldisilazane (HMDSZ), trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS), methyltriethoxylsilane (MTES), methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) and phenyltriethoxysilane (PTES) were used in order to improve hydrophobicity of the waterglass Silica aerogel. Some physical properties of the surface modified aerogels were investigated by FT-IR, TGA, BET and SEM. Hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of Silica aerogel is attributed to the Si-OH bond and the non-polar C-H bond groups on the surface of aerogel. Crack-free waterglass aerogel with >90 % of porosity, 17 nm of pore size and <0.15 $g/cm^{3}$ of density was prepared. HMDSZ and TMCS are effective as a surface modifier

• Composites Research
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.66-72
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• 2016

고온에서 열화학적 분해 현상을 겪는 고분자 기지 복합재료는 기지 내부의 기공도가 급격히 증가한다. 기공의 생성은 재료의 탄성 계수와 파손 강도를 감소시키며, 기공 내부의 가스 압력은 재료의 열기계적 거동에 영향을 준다. 본 논문에서는 기지 내부에 많은 기공이 포함된 일방향 섬유 강화 복합재료의 이차원 대표 체적 요소를 설정하고 유한요소 해석을 수행하였다. 이를 통해 기공 상태에 따른 복합재료의 유효 탄성 계수, 기공 탄성 계수, 파손 강도 등을 산출하였다. 특히, 기지 재료의 특성에 많은 영향을 받는 섬유 수직 방향의 파손 강도가 원래 기지 강도보다 현격히 낮게 산출되며, 기공도가 증가함에 따라 지속적으로 떨어지는 경향을 확인하였다.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.456-459
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• 2008

In the field of yarn dyeing, the most generally employed method is a type of package dyeing which uses a package cheesesstacked on a spindle made of a perforated tube. Spindles up to now, have been designed without considering the characteristics of dyeing liquid, focusing only on the geometric configuration which cause many problems such as lack of level dyeing. To improve the level dyeing and find the appropriate spindle configuration for the most effective dyeing process, this study examines the spindle flow-field in detail, using a computational method. Flow characteristics inside the spindle have been investigated with varying in porosity, porous diameter and the velocity of the flow. The results show that the total pressure of the flow through the spindle is used to overcome body force. The characteristics of the flow from the porous spindle could also be observed. Based on the results from this study, an effective spindle configuration for level-dyeing has been proposed.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 2005년도 학술발표논문집
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• pp.355-360
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• 2005

The properties of contaminants, contaminated soil, and the elapsed time are important factors to in-situ soil remediation. Gabr et. al. (1996) derived the solution equation of contaminant concentration ratio as initial one $(C/C_0)$ with time and spatial changes in contaminated area with vertical drains. The contaminant concentration ratio $(C/C_0)$ is analyzed with time and spatial changes as varying the effective diameter, porosity, shape factor, density of contaminated soil and temperature in ground and unit weight, viscosity of contaminants by using FLUSH1 model. Results from numerical analysis indicate that the most important factor to the in-situ soil remediation using vertical drains is the effective diameter of contaminated soil. It also shows that the viscosity of contaminants, porosity of soil, shape of soil, temperature in ground, unit weight of contaminants are, in order, affected to the soil remediation but density of soil is insignificant to the soil remediation.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.469-488
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• 2019

We in this paper study nonlinear bending of a functionally graded porous nanobeam subjected to multiple physical load based on the nonlocal strain gradient theory. For more reasonable analysis of nanobeams made of porous functionally graded magneto-thermo-electro-elastic materials (PFGMTEEMs), both constituent materials and the porosity appear gradient distribution in the present expression of effective material properties, which is much more suitable to the actual compared with the conventional expression of effective material properties. Besides the displacement function regarding physical neutral surface is introduced to analyze mechanical behaviors of beams made of FGMs. Then we derive nonlinear governing equations of PFGMTEEMs beams using the principle of Hamilton. To obtain analytical solutions, a two-step perturbation method is developed in nonuniform electric field and magnetic field, and then we use it to solve nonlinear equations. Finally, the analytical solutions are utilized to perform a parametric analysis, where the effect of various physical parameters on static bending deformation of nanobeams are studied in detail, such as the nonlocal parameter, strain gradient parameter, the ratio of nonlocal parameter to strain gradient parameter, porosity volume fraction, material volume fraction index, temperature, initial magnetic potentials and external electric potentials.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.665-673
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• 2011

저류층 내에 부존되어 있는 탄화수소의 매장량을 계산하기 위해서는 그 저류층의 공극률이 필요하다. 일반적으로 시추공 이외의 지역에 대한 공극률은 시추공에서 얻은 공극률 검층자료로부터 외삽하여 얻지만, 시추공을 포함한 지역에서 획득한 탄성파탐사 자료가 존재하는 경우 시추공 자료와 함께 탄성파 탐사 자료를 이용하여 시추공 이외의 지역에서 보다 정확한 유사 공극률을 추출해낼 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 다항식 신경망 기법을 이용하여 탄성파 탐사 자료와 공극률 검층 자료로부터 유사 공극률 검층 자료를 생성하는 모듈을 개발하였다. 먼저 탄성파 탐사 자료로부터 추출된 지하매질의 특성을 나타내는 탄성파 속성(seismic attribute)과 심도에 따른 시간의 자료로 변환된 공극률 검층 자료로부터 다항식 신경망 기법을 사용하여 상관계수를 추출하였고 이 계수를 이용하여 시추공이 없는 지역에서의 공극률 정보를 생성하였다. 한편, 개발된 모듈에서는 보다 정확한 공극률을 획득하기 위하여 각각의 탄성파 속성들과 공극률 검층 자료와의 상관성 분석을 통해 상관성이 높은 탄성파 속성들을 사용하였다. 개발된 다항식 신경망 모듈의 신뢰성, 활용성을 검증하기 위하여 개발된 모듈을 북해 F3 지역의 현장자료에 적용하고, 얻어진 결과를 상용 프로그램에서 사용되는 확률론적 신경망 기법을 통해 얻어진 결과와 비교하였다. 두 방법으로부터 얻은 결과들은 유사한 결과를 보였으며 이를 통해 개발된 모듈의 신뢰성을 입증할 수 있었다. 또한, 다항식 신경망 기법으로부터 얻어진 유사 공극률 검층 자료가 확률론적 신경망 기법을 통해 얻어진 결과보다 실제 값에 더 가깝다는 것을 보여주었다. 따라서 북해 F3 지역과 같이 시추공 자료가 부족한 지역에서는 다항식 신경망 기법이 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 1982

The thermal conductivies of grain are influenced by many physical factors such as' initial temperature, moisture content, composition, bulk density or porosity of grain. However, not only few researchers considered all these factors in determining thermal conductivities of grain but also many researchers considered only moisture content as a major effective factor on the thermal conductivity. This study was conducted to experimentally determine the thermal conductivities of rough rice (3 Japonica-type, 3 Indica-type) and barley(covered, naked) as a function of initial temperature, moisture content and porosity of grain, and to investigate the effect of those physical factors on the thermal conductivities of grain. The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1. The average time correction value for this experimental apparatus was 7 sec, which. was insignificant to the calculated thermal conductivity. The resulting conductivity for considering time correction value was only 4.9 percent higher than that calculated by the non-corrected equation. 2. The thermal conductivity was in the range of 0.1208~0.2058W/$m^{\circ}K$ for naked barley, 0.1138~0.1724W/$m^{\circ}K$ for covered barley, 0.0912~0.1864W/$m^{\circ}K$ for Japonica-type rice and 0.086~0.1774W/$m^{\circ}K$ for Indica-type rice. 3. The thermal conductivities of grain increased with initial temperature and moisture content of grain but decreased with porosity of grain. 4. The regression equations of the thermal conductivity of each grain were determined as a function of initial temperature, moisture content and porosity. The regression equations of the thermal conductivity of both Japonica-type and Indica-type rough rice were also determined.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.92-98
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• 2017

열분해 현상을 겪는 고분자 복합재료의 내부에서는 기공이 형성되며, 이는 열기계적 거동에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 기공이 형성된 복합재료의 분층형 삼차원 유한요소 모델을 개발하고 이를 이용하여 기공 탄성 및 파손 해석을 수행하였다. 유한요소 모델의 삼차원 확장 효과와 기공이 복합재료 내부에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 분층수와 기공도에 따른 분층형 유한요소 모델을 사용하였다. 해석 결과로서 유효 탄성 계수 및 기공 탄성 계수는 기공도가 0.5까지 증가함에 따라 최대 74.0%, 442.1%, 분층 수가 5까지 증가함에 따라 최대 98.7%, 37.2% 차이를 보였다. 또한, 초기 및 최종 파손 강도는 기공도에 따라 최대 88.2%, 90.0%, 분층에 따라 최대 87.5%, 171.8%까지 감소함을 확인하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제90권1호
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• pp.83-96
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• 2024

This paper suggests an analytical approach to investigate the free vibration and stability of functionally graded (FG) beams with both perfect and imperfect characteristics using a quasi-3D higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) with stretching effect. The study specifically focuses on FG beams resting on variable elastic foundations. In contrast to other shear deformation theories, this particular theory employs only four unknown functions instead of five. Moreover, this theory satisfies the boundary conditions of zero tension on the beam surfaces and facilitates hyperbolic distributions of transverse shear stresses without the necessity of shear correction factors. The elastic medium in consideration assumes the presence of two parameters, specifically Winkler-Pasternak foundations. The Winkler parameter exhibits variable variations in the longitudinal direction, including linear, parabolic, sinusoidal, cosine, exponential, and uniform, while the Pasternak parameter remains constant. The effective material characteristics of the functionally graded (FG) beam are assumed to follow a straightforward power-law distribution along the thickness direction. Additionally, the investigation of porosity includes the consideration of four different types of porosity distribution patterns, allowing for a comprehensive examination of its influence on the behavior of the beam. Using the virtual work principle, equations of motion are derived and solved analytically using Navier's method for simply supported FG beams. The accuracy is verified through comparisons with literature results. Parametric studies explore the impact of different parameters on free vibration and buckling behavior, demonstrating the theory's correctness and simplicity.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.8-14
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• 1995

The filtration of the magnetic fibrous polymeric filter with packing density profile made of a self-bonded, nonwoven structure comprising a thermoplastic polymer and a magnetic substance was investigated using an oil filter tester, a particle quantifier and an image analyzer system. The magnetic fibrous polymeric filter showed excellent filtration efficiency compared with conventional paper filter. From the experimental results, It is deduced that the filtration mechanism of conventional paper filter is only the function of physical porosity by surface filteration. On the other hand, the newly magnetic fibrous polymeric filter is designed with a new concept in filtration mechanism. That is, it has a dual function of depth and magnetic filters by physical porosity and magnetic attraction. The newly magnetic fibrous polymeric filter has been shown to be a highly effective oil filter for lubrication systems.