• 재활복지
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.233-252
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence on respiration, oral motor and articulation using wind-instrument centered music therapy for patients with cervical cord injury who need continuous train of respiratory muscle. Three patients with cervical cord injury who needed continuous training of respiratory muscle were selected and post data was analyzed. The harmonica using both exhalation and inspiration was selected as an wind-instrument. Each session was taken 30 ~ 40 minutes, once a week from total 6 weeks with small group. Material about every session's work was provided for individual to maintain practice after program. Oral motor and articulation test was done to assess reflecting features of maximal expiratory flow and wind-instrument of factor related breath. Maximal expiratory flow has increased by average 25ml more, articulation has increased by 3.16 points more and the movement of oral motor has increased 11.67 points more than pre-test from the analyzation. In the comparison of the details, the increase of oral motor function was confirmed from scores on the jaw and tongue except for the lips. Based on the results of this study, this study suggests that wind-instrument centered music therapy will be a practical and effective intervention for respiratory rehabilitation in patients with cervical cord injury.

• Journal of Society of Occupational Therapy for the Aged and Dementia
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.47-55
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• 2018

Objective : The purpose of this study is to consider the change of hand function according to the quality of sleep and to find out a correlation among the quality of sleep and hand function, and sleep disturbing factors. Method : 23 patients who were hospitalized more than 6 months from Nov. 2017 to Jan. 2018 were tested for the quality of sleep used by sleep quality scale, for the grip strength used by a dynamometer, and for the coordination used by BBT and 9-Hole Peg test. The collected data were analyzed to implement the paired t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Result : In the high grade group of sleep score, the quality of sleep & BBT, and the grip strength & BBT have correlated each other; and in the medium group, only the latter has shown a correlation. In both groups, the quality of sleep and the sleep pattern have showed significant high correlation. Conclusion : When the elderly in geriatric hospitals show qualitative differences, BBT and the combination of treatment for the improvement of grip strength can improve the quality of sleep. And the sleep pattern intervention is considered to be effective to improve the quality of sleep.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.11-20
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the application of cool dialysis on dialytic stability, feeling of fatigue, pruritus and dialysis adequacy in hemodialysis. Methods: The study design was nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects were 50 patients who were hospitalized to hemodialysis. The experimental group cool dialysis(n=25) and the control group received only the usual treatment (n=25). The collected data were analyzed using independent t-test to examine study hypothesis. Results: The level of dialytic stability (F=5.53, p=.023) and feeling of fatigue (F=4.01, p<.001) in the experimental group were significantly different from that of the control group. However, the level of pruritus(F=.74, p=.394) and dialysis adequacy(F=1.02, p=.327) in the experimental group were not different from that of the control group. Conclusion: The study findings confirm that cool dialysis as an effective intervention alleviating dialytic stability and feeling of fatigue.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.495-499
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• 2018

The reduction effect of UV-C irradiation and mild heat treatment was examined against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium on black pepper powder. E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 35150) and S. Typhimurium (ATCC 19585) were inoculated onto black pepper powder at approximately $10^7$ and $10^6CFU/g$, respectively. E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium were treated with UV-C and mild heat at $60^{\circ}C$. A UV-C intensity ($2.32W/cm^2$ ) was used for 10 min to 70 min at $60^{\circ}C$. After UV-C and heat treatment at $60^{\circ}C$, microbial analysis and color change of black pepper powder was conducted. E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium were reduced by a level of 1.89 and 2.24 log CFU/g, respectively, when treated with UV-C alone for 70 min. And E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium were reduced by 2.22 and 5.10 log CFU/g, respectively, when treated with mild heat treatment at $60^{\circ}C$ alone for 70 min. But when combined with UV-C and mild heat, it showed higher levels of reduction by 2.46 and 5.70 log CFU/g. S. Typhimurium was more easily reduced than E. coli O157:H7. Color values were not significantly (p > 0.05) different in all treated samples. Therefore, these results suggest that the combined treatment with UV-C and mild heat was effective to inactivate the food pathogens in black pepper powder and can be used as a food industrial microbial intervention method.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.78-87
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• 2018

This study constructed a structural model and examined the fit and significance of the model to identify the influencing factors on the organizational commitment of ROTC cadets. The subjects of this study were 209 male students in grades 3 and 4 ROTC cadets of eight universities located in D, P, and G cities. Data were collected from April 13 to May 29, 2018. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS / WIN 20.0 and AMOS 21.0 programs. A positive correlation was observed between the ROTC instructor's leadership, self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Six of the six pathways of the hypothetical structural model were statistically significant. The hypothetical model showed a good fit for the data. The model fit indices were ${\chi}^2/df=1.51$, GFI=.98, AGFI=.90, NFI=0.98, NFI=.97, RMR=.02, RMSEA=.05, and TLI=.98. The ROTC Instructor's leadership and self-efficacy had direct and indirect effects on the organizational commitment. Job satisfaction had the strongest direct influence on organizational commitment. This model explained 73% of the variance in organizational commitment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective education and intervention program that can enhance the ROTC instructor's leadership, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction to increase the organizational commitment of the ROTC cadets.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2019

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture treatment for recovery of patients with vertebral compression fracture(VCF). Methods : We searched ten English and Chinese and seven Korean database up to April 2018. Randomised controlled trials(RCTs), quasi-RCTs, non-radomised Controlled Trials(CCTs) were eligible. Quasi-RCTs and CCTs were assessed only for safety assessment. Pain and adverse events were primary outcome of this review. Quality of life, dysfunction, patient satisfaction, incidence of new vertebral compression fracture were regarded as secondary outcomes. The risk of bias was assessed by two independent authors using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Level of evidence was tabulated using the GRADE methods. Results : Of 1656 screened, 15 RCTs, 1 quasi-RCT and 3 CCTs were included. Number of participants per study ranged from 45 to 135. Most of the studies had unclear or high risk of bias and considerable heterogeneity in terms of type of intervention, comparison and time-points for outcome measurement. Compared to usual care alone, acupuncture combined with usual care showed short-term favorable results for pain relief in patients with VCF(5 studies, n=252, MD -1.05 point on a 0 to 10 point scale, 95% CI -1.45 to -0.65, $I^2=74%$). Four studies reported mild and temporary adverse events, and no serious adverse events were reported. One study descriptively reported that acupuncture was effective for improving quality of life without providing numerical outcomes. There were no reports of patient satisfaction and incidence of new VCF. Conclusions : Level of evidence is very low for the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for pain, harms and other clinical outcomes in patients with VCF. Included studies suffered from incomplete reporting, high or unclear risk of bias and substantial heterogeneity between studies. Future high-quality RCTs are needed to assess whether acupuncture is beneficial for recovery of patients with VCF.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.875-883
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• 2018

This study examined overall effect of STEAM programs on student learning through meta-analysis of journal articles published for the past six years. We examined the areas of effects that the research tested and analyzed overall effect across the research. We first identified academic journal articles that utilized quasi-experimental design in examining STEAM effects on student learning and presented appropriate data for meta-analysis such as effect size. A total of 63 articles were identified to be appropriate for meta-analysis. Using R packages, we first identified outliers and eliminated them in the analysis of mean effect size. Thus, 172 effect sizes from 60 studies were analyzed. The results showed that the mean effect was medium (effect size = 0.52). Analysis showed that moderators of the effect were affective measures, thinking skills, character measures, and career aspirations, which meant the studies that measured these variables had more effect than achievement measures. On the other hand, the school level (elementary, middle, and high school), the absence or presence of student products as program requirements, hours of intervention, and sample size did not moderate the effect. Thus, regardless of these variables STEAM programs produced medium effect in general. Based on these results, further research areas and topics are suggested.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.173-185
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• 2019

Causal questions are prevalent in scientific research, for example, how effective a treatment was for preventing an infectious disease, how much a policy increased utility, or which advertisement would give the highest click rate for a given customer. Causal inference theory in statistics interprets those questions as inferring the effect of a given intervention (treatment or policy) in the data generating process. Causal inference has been used in medicine, public health, and economics; in addition, it has received recent attention as a tool for data-driven decision making processes. Many recent datasets are observational, rather than experimental, which makes the causal inference theory more complex. This review introduces key concepts and recent trends of statistical causal inference in observational studies. We first introduce the Neyman-Rubin's potential outcome framework to formularize from causal questions to average treatment effects as well as discuss popular methods to estimate treatment effects such as propensity score approaches and regression approaches. For recent trends, we briefly discuss (1) conditional (heterogeneous) treatment effects and machine learning-based approaches, (2) curse of dimensionality on the estimation of treatment effect and its remedies, and (3) Pearl's structural causal model to deal with more complex causal relationships and its connection to the Neyman-Rubin's potential outcome model.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cervical stretching program on neck pain, fatigue and range of motion caused by overuse of smartphone. Methods: We treated stretching program to measure the pain, fatigue, and range of motion of the neck before and after cervical stretching program for experiment group (n=25), control group(n=27) nursing college students using the smartphone. The general characteristics of the subjects and the range of neck pain, fatigue, and cervical range of motion were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of the cervical stretching program for neck pain, fatigue, and range of motion of the neck were analyzed using independent t-test. Results: After cervical stretching program, the pain of the neck(t=2.86, p=.006), fatigue(t=5.44, p<.001). flexion(t=-2.10, p=.041), extension(t=-2.84, p=.006), right lateral flexion(t=-2.4, p=.047), left lateral flexion(t=-2.05, p=0.46) and right rotation(t=-4.48, p<.001), left rotation(t=-3.38, p=.001) range of rotation were improved. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that a cervical stretching program can be used as an effective intervention for health problems in musculoskeletal disorders due to smartphone overuse.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.218-226
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• 2019

In old age, measures to cope with the natural phenomenon of aging and various diseases of the elderly due to the deterioration of physical function are also a challenge for this society. While interest in systematic health is increasing, it is true that awareness and interest in oral-related diseases is relatively lacking. This study aims to present basic data necessary to improve the quality of life for senior citizens aged 65 or older by improving the oral dryness caused by systemic health. By research method, improve oral dryness caused by whole-body health with the elderly over 65 and promote their oral health, inducing the increase of the salivary flow rate through oral health care education, oral exercise, and salivary gland massage. First, on the DMSQ according to the general characteristics of the elderly, the recognition of the whole body and oral health status, independent sample t-test and One-way ANOVA were conducted. Second, on changes in the salivary flow rate and saliva pH according to the general characteristics of the elderly, recognition of oral and whole-body health status, and whole-body health, paired samples t-test was conducted. Studies have shown that salivary gland flow increased significantly after oral exercise and salivary gland massage, the salivary flow rate significantly increased. In all variables of the recognition of the oral health status, the salivary flow rate increased after oral exercise and salivary gland massage, and in the whole-body health, regardless of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and osteoporosis, the salivary flow rate increased after oral exercise and salivary gland massage, and the salivary flow rate increased after oral exercise and salivary gland massage if the subjects responded that they did not have thyroid abnormality, anemia, abnormalities of breathing, hypotension, gastrointestinal disturbance, or kidney diseases. As a comprehensive analysis of this study, many felt oral dryness when they had a problem with the whole-body health, and many felt oral dryness when they had a problem with oral health cognition. After applying oral exercise and salivary gland massage as intervention methods in the oral health care for the elderly, the salivary flow rate significantly increased, and it is judged that the methods were very effective for controlling oral dryness. Furthermore, it is judged that the factors affecting oral health, whole-body health, and oral dryness would be identified, which would be helpful for the promotion of whole-body health and oral health. It is judged that continuous research would be needed so that measures for the application of the oral care program and system for the elderly would be prepared in the future.