• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an education program on child health and safety for teachers in child daycare centers. Method: Using a nonequivalent one group pretest-posttest design, 41 day care staff(N=41) from 12 day care centers in Seoul and D-gun in Chung-Nam were assigned to experimental group. A program that is appropriate for preventing injuries and protecting the health of young children at child daycare centers was developed. Health and safety education program was provided for the intervention group for 2 weeks two times. Results: After education session, the mean score of knowledge, self confidence, practice on safety and health in child care teachers were significantly increased. There were significant differences in the degree of knowledge according to education, and in the degree of practice according to age. Conclusions: The education program for child care teachers was effective in promoting knowledge, self confidence and practice on child health and safety. The results suggest that health and safety education program should be provided systematically and continuously for child care teachers.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the quality of bread made with different types of brown rice flours. 20% of the wheat flour from the bread recipe was substituted with the different types of brown rice flours, such as, raw brown rice flour (RBRF), soaked brown rice flour (SOBRF), and sprouted brown rice flour (SPBRF). The loaf volume of the bread: decreased by 3.2%∼7.4% with the addition of the brown rice flours. The "L" value of these breads decreased, while the "a" and "b" values increased. In terms of the texture, the SPBRF bread was the hardest on the 1st day of storage, but it was the least hard on the 5th day of storage. The RBRF bread was the least springy. The SPBRF bread was the most cohesive. The adhesiveness was not significantly different among the breads. In terms of the degree of retrogradation using the ${\alpha}$-amylase method, the SOBRF and SPBRF breads showed a little lesser degree of retrogradation than the control and the RBRF bread. In the sensory evaluation, the control bread obtained high score for crumb color and grain, while the brown rice flours breads obtained high scores for mouthfeel and taste. Overall acceptability, defined by a higher score, was higher for the SOBRF and SPBRF breads than the control bread, which was not significant. Thus, this study showed that processing rice flour was more effective than raw rice flour in substituting wheat flour.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.15
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• pp.1-31
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• 1974

Introducing genes for earliness of wheat varieties is important to develop early varieties in winter wheat. In oder to obtain basic informations on the response of heading to the different day length and temperature treatments and on the inheritance of heading dates, experiments were conducted at the field and greenhouse of the Crop Experiment Station, Suwon. Varieties used in this experiments were, early variety Yecora F70, medium varieties Suke #169, Parker and Yukseung #3, and late varieties Changkwang, Bezostaia, Sturdy and Blueboy. The parents and F$_1$s of partial diallel crosses of above eight varieties were subjected the following four different treatments; 1. high temperature and long day, 2. high temperature and short day, 3. low temperature and long day, and 4. low temperature and short day. The same materials were grown also in field condition. Parents, F$_1$ and F$_2$ generation were grown also in both greenhouse under high temperature and short day and in field. The results obtained were summarized as follow: 1. No effects of temperature and daylength on the number of leaves on the main stem were found when -varieties were vernalized. The number of main stem leaves were fewer for spring type of varieties than for winter type of varieties. 2. The effects of temperature and daylength on the days to flag leaf opening were dependent on the speed of leaf emergence. The speed of leaf emergence were faster for lower leaves than for upper leaves. 3. The response to short day and long day (earliness of narrow sense) of varieties were found to be direct factor responsible to physiology of heading dates in vernalized varieties. Great difference of varieties to heading date was found in high temperature and short day treatment, but less differences were found in high temperature and long day, low temperature and long day and low temperature and short day treatments respectively. The least varietal difference for heading dates was found in the field condition. 4. Changkwang and Parker were found to be the most sensitive to short day treatment (photosensitive) and the heading of these varieties were delayed by short day treatment. No great varietal differences were found among other varieties. 5. Varietal differences of heading dates due to daylength were greater in high temperature than in low temperature. 6. Varietal differences of heading dates due to temperature were not great. but in general the heading dates of varieties were faster under high temperature than under low temperature. 7. Earliness of heading dates was due to partial dominance effect of genes involved in any condition. The degree of dominance was greater under short day than under long day treatment. 8. The varietal differences of heading date under high temperature and long day were due to earliness or narrow sense (response to long day) of varieties. The degree of dominance was greater for Yecora F70, spring type than for other winter type of varieties. No differences or less differences of degree of dominance was found among winter type of varieties. The estimated number of effective factor concerned in the earliness of narrow sense was one pair of allele with minor genes. 9. The insensitivity of varieties to short day treatment in heading dates was due to single dominant gene effect. Under the low temperature the sensitivity of varieties to short day treatment was less apparent. 10. The earliness of short day and long day (earliness of narrow sense) sensitivities of varieties appearea to be due to partial dominance of earliness over lateness. In strict sense, the degree of the dominance should be distinguished. 11. Dominant gene effects were found for the thermo-sensitivity of varieties, and the effect was less, significant than the earliness in narrow sense. 12. One pair of allele, ee and EE, for photosensitivity was responsible for the difference in the heading dates between Changkwang and Suke #169. Two pairs of alleles, ee, enen and EE, EnEn. appeared to be responsible for the difference between Changkwang and Yecora F70. The effects of EE and EnEn were, additive to the earliness and the effects of EE were greater than EnEn under short day. However, the effects of EE were not evident in long day but the effects of EnEn were observed in long day. 13. Two pairs of dominant alleles for the earliness were estimated from the analysis of F$_1$ diallels in the field but the effects of these alleles in F$_2$ were not apparent due to low temperature and short day treatment in early part of growth and high temperature and long day treatment in later part of growth. The F$_2$ population shows continuous variation due to environmental effects and due to other minor gene effects. 14. The heritabilities for heading dates were ranged from 0.51 to 0.72, indicating that the selection in early generation might be effective. The extent of heritability for heading dates varied with environments; higher magnitude of heritability was obtained in short day treatment and high temperature compared with long day and low temperature treatments. The heritabilities of heading date due to response to short day were 0.86 in high temperature and 0.76 in low temperature. The heritabilities of heading date due to temperature were not significantly high. 15. The correlation coefficients of heading dates to the number of grains per spike, weight of 1, 000 grains. and grain yield were positive and high, indicating the difficulties of selections of high yielding lines from early population. But no significant correlation coefficient was obtained between the earliness and the number of spikes, indicating the effective selection for high tillering from early varieties for high yielding.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.238-243
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• 1990

These studies were conduced to investigate the effects of temperatures on development of each stage and distribution within tree and overwintering of mulberry scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Tar. & Tozz. Growth ratio of each stage with different temperatures was not significant within range of optimum temperatures of growth. Developmental threshold and effective temperatures of each stage were $12.3^{\circ}C$ and 46.9 degree day in eggs, $10.8^{\circ}C$, and 183.8 degree day in first nymph, $9.8^{\circ}C$ and 188.2 degree day in second nymph, $10.3^{\circ}C$ and 383.0 degree day in gross nymphal stage, respectively. Longevity of female adults were 39.6 days in $18^{\circ}C$, 28.4 days in $22^{\circ}C$, 18.1 days in$26^{\circ}C$, and 15.7 days in$30^{\circ}C$. Average number of eggs in ovary and laid by individual female were 83.3 and 75.7, respectively. Optimum temperatures of growth were $22^{\circ}C$-$26^{\circ}C$ but all the eggs were not hatched at $35^{\circ}C$. Distribution of each stage within tree in summer was great at lower part of branch and overwintering adults was dominantly located in NE-SE followed by SE-SW, SW-NW and NW-NE. Percent mortality due to cold weather was 36.2.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.658-664
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• 2015

Lens designers generally refer to flat image fields and attempt to minimize the field curvature. Present-day CMOS image sensors for mobile phone cameras, however, are not flat, but curved. Sometimes it is necessary to generate an intentional field curvature according to the degree and direction of the CMOS image-sensor’s curvature. This paper presents the degree of curvature of a CMOS image sensor measured using an interferometer, and proposes an effective compensation method that minimizes the net field curvature through optimizing the air gap between lens elements, which is demonstrated using simulations and experiments.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.284-288
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• 2001

Water deficit is a serious constraint to soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] production in rainfed regions of Asia, Africa, and America. This study was conducted to develop a simple and effective screening method for drought tolerance in soybean. Fifteen soybean cultivars, eight identified to be drought-tolerant and seven drought-sensitive in previous studies, were used for the evaluation of drought tolerance under the new screening conditions. The seedling screening method was consisted of a treatment in a PEG solution and drought treatment in parafilm-layered pots. 5-day-old seedlings were treated in a 18% PEG solution for 4 days and their wilting and hypocotyl browning were recorded. Three seedlings grown in a parafilm-layered pot containing peat moss were drought-stressed by withholding water from the third day after seedling emergence, and root and seedling growth were examined. Degree of drought tolerance were rated based on seedling vigor in the PEG solution and drought-stressed parafilm-layered pots, and also on the penetration ability of roots through parafilm layer. Most of seedlings of the drought-tolerant cultivars showed higher vigour and root penetration than those of the drought-sensitive cultivars under the new screening conditions. Our results indicate that the new method can be used as a simple and effective screening procedure for drought tolerance in soybean breeding programs.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.156-161
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• 1999

The EMG(Electromyography) analysis was used to identify the fact the degree of inclined step was selected as dependent variable and feet muscle fatigue was selected as a independent variable. In a final result from EMG test. the shift in median frequency (MF) with 20, 25, 30, 35 degree of inclined steps indicated that 30 degree step was identified as most effective for a decrease in feet muscle fatigue. In a department store, 80% of the workers are female standing sales workers. They work at standing on average 10 hours per day. They performed heavy duty jobs such as lifting, lowering. packing and carrying heavy materials. Furthermore, even though they have work shoes, they usually use various kind of high heels. Eventually, this situation develops low-back-pain (LBP) problems for female workers. In conclusion, it is recommended that a particular branch in a department store claimed this step can effectively to circulate blood and significantly decrease feet muscle fatigue in lower extremity.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.177-193
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to test whether Yoga exercise, one of muscle relaxation, helps to relieve chronic low back paln. Sample were selected from nurses who were worked at K medical center in the period from March 18 to April 23, 1996. The sample size was fifteen. The research design was one-group pretest-posttest design. To test the major research question, this study had the following procedure. The pretest included measuring individuals' degree of pain and discomfort depending on the scope and types of an range of motion, and their pain by their activity of daily living(ADL). The treatment was conducted twice every other week. The reason why this study had twice observations was to control history effect and maturation which treat internal validity in the research design of this study. In this research design, a treatment was to expose Yoga exercise to samples. The exercise was taken in 30 minutes per day for four days in a week (Two consecutive days and twice every other day). The posttest included re-measuring the individuals' the degree of pain and discomfort, and their pain by their ADL. Several hypotheses concerning effect of Yoga exercise was analyzed by the paired t-test, comparing the difference scores between pre and post tests. The results of this study was as follows. The first hypothesis that the post-treatment group taking the Yoga exercise had the pain score lower than the pre-treatment group was supported(t=3.31, p=.005). The second hypothesis that the discomfort score of the post-treatment group had lower than does that of the pre-treatment group was supported(t=2.75, p=.016). The third hypothesis that the post-treatment group had the pain score by ADL lower than does the pre-treatment group was supported(t=5.52, p=.000). In summary, this study examined the effect of a yoga exercise, one of muscle relaxation, on those who were suffered from chronic low back pain. The effect measured by the degree of pain and discomfort with a visual analog scale was statistically significant. The degree of pain according to postures in ADL also showed statistical significance. These findings showed that a yoga exercise was effective to alleviation of chronic low back pain. A pretest-posttest control group design, however, needs to get more accurate results since the design satisfies Internal validity. Consequently, yoga as an exercise cure improves an interaction between muscles and articulations, and performance of ADL for those suffered from chronic low back pain. Furthermore, this positive impact may be an effective method as nursing intervention for their physical, mental, emotional, social, and psychological recovery.

• Medical Lasers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 2021

Background and Objectives Ocular alkali burns cause severe damage to the ocular tissues and vision loss. Solcoseryl is a standardized calf blood extract that normalizes the metabolic disturbance and aids in maintaining the chemical and hormonal balance and has been used to treat burns in various tissues. This study examined the effects of Solcoseryl on a rat corneal alkali burn model. Materials and Methods Twenty rats were assigned randomly to four equal groups, including alkali burn, hyaluronic acid, Solcoseryl eyedrop, and Solcoseryl gel. A corneal alkali burn was induced by a NaOH-soaked paper disc. The treatments were given twice a day, every day. The wound area was measured after 24 and 48 hours, and the degree of neovascularization and corneal opacity were scored every week. The rats were sacrificed after three weeks for immunohistochemistry (IHC) to compare the level of inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. The thickness of the retinal layers was compared to observe any changes in the retina. Results The use of Solcoseryl on corneal alkali burn accelerated wound healing with less neovascularization, greater opacity, and less cataract. IHC showed that the inflammation of the cornea was controlled by both the hyaluronic acid and Solcoseryl treatments. On the other hand, the inflammation had spread to the retina. When the dosage forms were compared, eyedrops were more effective on corneal inflammation, while the gel-type had a greater effect on retinal inflammation. Conclusion Solcoseryl was effective in accelerating the wound healing rate on a corneal alkali burn but could not prevent the spread of inflammation from the cornea to the retina. Eyedrops were more effective on inflammation in the cornea, and the gel was more effective in the retina.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 1999

The main purpose of this study is to identify nursing needs of parents who have hospitalized child. Research design is a descriptive survey. The subjects for the study were 79 parents who have hospitalized child at a pediatric ward of one of the general hospital attached to a university in J city. The data was collected by researchers using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was Likert type 5 point scale, composed of 5 categories with 61 items. The data was analyzed by SPSS/PC. The results of the study were as follows ; 1) Mean score of nursing needs of subjects were 3.93 at 2nd day of admission and 3.99 at 7th day of admission. 2) Among the categories, the highest nursing need at the End day and 7th day of admission was ‘dilect nursing’, in desending order, ‘facilities and environment’, ‘education and counseling’, ‘nursing assessment’. The lowest nursing need was ‘reference’. 3) Differences between the nursing needs of subjects at 2nd day and 7th day were as follows : (1) By categories, there was a significant difference only in the ‘reference’ categoly(t=2.74, P=.008). (2) By items, there were significant differences in items of ‘to check necessary materials(t=2.31, P=.024)’, ‘to understand family function and family relationship(t=2.12, P=.041)’, ‘to set up study room(t=2.22, P=.030)’, and ‘to mediate parent's meeting group(t=3.89, P=.000)’. The above result indicated that nursing needs of parents with hospitalized child were above average, especially very high in items about disease process, and items directly associated with treatment and nursing care. So, nurses have to focus on information about the patient's state of disease, treatment, test and procedure, and in efficiently giving direct nursing care to implement mure effective care for the hospitalized children and their parents. And some future researche is needed to identify the difference of degree of nursing needs of parents with hospitalized child according to admission duration using a different sample and a longer sampling interval.