• Title/Summary/Keyword: Education System

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The Grazing Rates and Community Dynamics of Zooplankton in the Continuous River Stretch Ecosystem Include with Brackish Zone (기수 지역을 포함한 연속적인 강 구획 생태계 내에서의 동물플랑크톤의 군집 동태와 섭식율)

  • Kim, Hyun-Woo
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.39 no.4 s.118
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    • pp.462-470
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    • 2006
  • The zooplankton community dynamics and grazing experiments was evaluated along a 40 km section of the lower Seomjin river system. Zooplankton was sampled twice a month from January 2005 to June 2006 at three sites (River mouth; RKO, Seomjin bridge: RK12 and Gurae bridge: RK36) in the main river channel. During the study period, the values of most limnological parameters in the three sites were fairly similar, except for conductivity. Annual variation of conductivity in River mouth and Seomjin bridge was more dramatic than which of the other site. There were statistically significant spatial and seasonal differences in zooplankton abundance (ANOVA, P<0.01). Total abundance of major zooplankton groups at both stations was much higher than in Gurae bridge. Among the macrozooplankton, cladocerans abundance was negligible in study sites during study periods. Community filtering rates (CFRs) for phytoplankton and bacteria varied from 0 to 50 mL $L^{-1}\;D^{-1}$ and from 0 to 45 mL $L^{-1}\;D^{-1}$, respectively. The spatial variation of CFRs for phytoplankton was significant (ANOVA, P<0.05). The CFRs of copepods for phytoplankton and bacteria was much higher than that of cladocerans at study sites. Total zooplankton filtering rates on bacteria were slightly lower than filtering rates on phytoplankton. The CFRs of microzooplankton (MICZ) for bacteria were much higher than for macrozooplankton (MACZ) at all sites. Considering the total zooplankton community, MICZ generally were more important than MACZ as grazers of bacteria and phytoplankton in freshwater zone, while MACZ were more important than MICZ as grazers of phytoplankton in brackish zone.

A Study on the Measurement of the Dimensionless Light Extinction Constant for Particulate Matter from Fuel Oil for Marine and Land Diesel Engines (선박 및 육상 디젤 엔진용 연료유에서 발생하는 입자상물질에 대한 무차원 광소멸계수 계측에 관한 연구)

  • Rho, Beom-Seok;Choi, Jae-Hyuk;Cho, Kwon-Hae;Park, Seul-Hyun;Lee, Won-Ju
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.275-281
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    • 2018
  • It is known that he pollutant emitted from the combustion process of marine fuel oil causes air pollution and harmful effects to the human body. Accordingly, IMO regulates pollutants emitted from ships. However, the regulation of Particulate Matter (PM) is still in the process of debate, so preemptive action is needed. Fundamental research on PM is essential. In this study, the Dimensionless Light Extinction Constant ($K_e$) of fuel oil used in marine diesel engines was measured and analyzed to construct the basic data of the PM generated from marine-based fuel oil. The fuel oil used in the land diesel engine was measured in the same way for character comparison. Both fuel oils differ in sulfur content and density. The $K_e$ was measured via the optical method using a 633 nm laser and was determined by using the volume fraction of PM collected by the gravimetric filter method. The $K_e$ of the PM discharged from marine fuel oil is 8.28, and the land fuel oil is 8.44. The $K_e$ of two fuel oils was similar within the measurement uncertainty range. However, it was found by comparison with the value obtained by the Rayleigh-Limit solution that the light scattering portion could be large. Also, it was found that light extinction characteristics could be different due to the relationship between light transmittance and collected mass.

Development of Evaluation Index for Infection Control and Prevention at Dental Hospital and Its Validity Verification (치과의료기관 감염관리 평가지표 개발 및 타당성 검증)

  • Bae, Sung-Suk;Lee, Myung-Sun
    • Journal of dental hygiene science
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    • v.13 no.3
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    • pp.254-263
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    • 2013
  • This study is to develop an evaluation index for infection control and to verify its validity by examining each set of weighted data collected from 121 infection control personnel at dental hospitals who agreed to the preliminary survey and advisory. The study was conducted from 14th December, 2010 to 31st January, 2011, and PASW Statistics 18.0 and AMOS 5.0 had been used for the statistical data analysis. As a result of the study, five evaluation factors with 21 sub-indicators have been identified at structural level, eight evaluation factors with 32 sub-indicators at processing level, and one evaluation fact with five sub-indicators at resulting level, total 14 evaluation factors with 58 sub-indicators throughout all levels. The path analysis added on the result that 'standard precautions ($x_1$)', 'infection control support system ($x_2$)', 'internal and external characteristics ($x_3$)' are exogenous variables that affect on other variables, and 'standard infection control ($y_1$)','Organization equipment management handwashing ($y_2$)', 'environmental infection control ($y_3$), 'personal protective equipment ($y_4$)', 'waste and laundry management ($y_5$)' are endogenous variables that are infulenced by others. The standardized metrics are more needed than anything else when examining on infection control. This study attempts to develop proper dental infection control metrics adequately adjusted for domestic circumstances, and therefore to contribute to effective systematic management and decision-making in infection control.

Factors Influencing Problem Solving Ability among Dental Hygiene Students (일부 치위생과 학생의 문제해결능력에 영향을 미치는 요인)

  • Yu, Ji-Su;Hwang, Su-Hyun;Choi, Yu-Jin
    • Journal of dental hygiene science
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.510-517
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    • 2013
  • This study was carried out in order to be utilized as basic data necessary for developing dental hygiene curriculum by confirming the difference in propensity level and the variables of having influence upon problem-solving ability of dental hygiene students and by grasping influence of relevant variables at the point of time that requires arrangement of a learning system for promoting problem solving ability aiming to train talents who have ability available for performing successful practical affairs. The influence of factors upon the problem solving ability had statistically significant relationship with academic year, interpersonal relations, school record, and major satisfaction. According to academic year, the problem solving ability of sophomore (B=-0.182, p=0.010) was shown the lower tendency than junior. The problem solving ability was lower in when being bad (B=-0.349, p=0.020) compared to when being good as for interpersonal relations, in when the mark is under 3.0 (B=-0.328, p=0.004) than over 4.0 as for academic achievement, and in when being dissatisfied (B=-0.483, p=0.005) than when being satisfied as for the major satisfaction. Hence, to train competent people who have ability available for performing successful practical affairs, the education is considered to be likely needed that has substantial problem solving ability for reinforcing problem solving ability by grasping a learning problem oneself without the differentiated curriculum, by establishing an alternative plan for solving problem, and by searching for and acquiring necessary data according to factors of having influence upon problem solving ability of dental hygiene students.

Caries Management of High-Risk Children by Caries Risk Assessment (우식위험평가에 의한 우식 고위험 유아의 치아우식 관리)

  • Koo, Seo-Yeon;Lee, Su-Young
    • Journal of dental hygiene science
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.97-104
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    • 2018
  • The purpose of this study was to classify risk groups according to Caries Risk Assessment (CRA) and to investigate the effect of caries prevention program after 1 year of caries prevention intervention program in 6-year-old infants with high caries risk. The subjects were selected based on responses to CRA questionnaires. At the first visit, oral examination, Cariview, bacteria and saliva flow test were performed. The caries risk group was classified accordingly. The subjects were given fluoride application and oral health education every four months and evaluated the same as the first visit after 1 year. As a result of classifying the risk level according to CRA, more than 80% of the subjects were in the high or extreme high risk. The dft index was increased in all risk groups after the intervention. There was a significant difference between the before and after intervention (p<0.05). The Cariview score showed a slight decrease after the intervention in the moderate and high risk groups. As a result of the evaluation of bacteria test, Streptococcus mutans were decreased to ${\geq}10^5CFU/ml$ saliva after intervention in all groups. Lactobacilli were decreased after intervention in high risk and extreme high risk groups. As a result of saliva flow, there was significant difference between caries risk groups before and after intervention (p<0.05). In conclusion, regular caries management has been shown to influence caries risk factors in high-caries risk children. Also, it is necessary to find out periodical dental risk management system which is suitable for domestic situation through the related studies.

Home-Range of Mallard and Spot-billed Duck in Korea (청둥오리와 흰뺨검둥오리의 월동기 행동권 비교 연구)

  • Shin, Yong-un;Shin, Man-Seok;Lee, Han-soo;Kang, Yongmyung;Jeong, Wooseog;Choi, Jida;Yoon, Hachung;Oh, Hong-shik
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.165-172
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    • 2016
  • Mallard and Spot-billed ducks that are typical wintering water birds use the wide rice field in the center of the water system as a wintering ground. I try to figure out the daily movement distance from Home-Range to wintering ground for mallard and spot-billed ducks in Mangyunggang, Dongjingang where located in central region. In 2015 wintering period by using a Cannon-net, I attached WT-300 to 5 mallard and 5 spot-billed ducks. Daily movement distance is an overall average 0.89km, the largest distance was 31.09km. Daily movement distance of mallard was 0.97km, the largest distance was 28.78km. Daily movement distance of Spot-billed ducks was 0.80km, the largest distance was 33.39km. Home-Range analysis is used by the SHP files that is compatible with GIS and ArcGIS 9.0 Animal Movement Extension, it was analyzed using the Minimum Convex Polygon Method (MCP) and the Kernel Density Estimation (KDE). The behavior rights of two kinds of ducks was $490.34km^2$ by Minimum Convex Polygon Method (MCP) ($SD=311.20km^2N=10$), an important habitats Kernel Density Estimation (KDE 50%) was $42.24km^2$. Home-Range of Mallard (MCP) was $568.02km^2$, it is wider than home-range(MCP) of spot-billed duck $397.13km^2$ relatively, the core habitats of mallard is $53.05km^2$, it is wider than mallard's core habitats(KDE 50%) $29.26km^2$ relatively.

Studies on the Effects of Copper on the Lactate Dehydrogenase and Esterase Isozymes in Various Tissues of Carassius carassius (붕어(Carassius carassius)의 조직내 젖산수소이탈효소와 에스테라아제 아이소자임에 미치는 동의 영향에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Choon-Koo;Choo, Il-Young
    • The Korean Journal of Zoology
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.79-96
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    • 1973
  • In order to elucidate the effects of copper on Corassius carassius, the following were studied: 1) lactate dehydrogenase isozyme patterns by cellulose acetate electrophoresis, 2) LDH activity and copper effect on LDH enzyme system y spectrophotometry, 3) esterase isozyme patterns by agar thin layer electrophoresis, 4) hemoglobin patterns by starch gel electrophoresis, and 5) histological study. 1. There were two bands of LDH isozymes (LDH-3 and LDH-5) in the gill, three bands (LDH-2, LDH-4, and LDH-5) in the liver, and two bands (LDH-3 and LDH-4) in the muscle of the normal fish. The LDH-1 bond was not found in the above three tissues. When the fish were exposed to copper, LDH-3 appeared in the liver, LDH-5 in the muscle, but no new LDH band appeared in the gill. 2. The sepcific activities of the LDH were lowest in the gill and highest in the muscle of the normal fish, and they were gradually decreassed in the gill and highest in the muscle of the normal fish, and they were gradually decreased in the liver and mucle except in the gill from 1-day to 10-day exposure to copper. It indicates that LDH activities in the liver and muscle of the fish were inhibited by copper. 3. Through in vitro experiment, it is clear that the decrease of the LDH activities of the liver and muscle of the fish exposed to copper is mainly caused by the inhibition on the M-LDH in the fish. 4. The numbers of the esterase isozyme bands of the gill, liver, muscle, blood, brain, and kidney of the normal fish were 3, 6, 2, 2, 2, and 2 respectively, and these numbers were the same as those exposed to copper. The relative mobilities of the esterase bands in the gill, liver, blood, and kidney of the exposed group were different from those of the control. 5. There was one hemoglobin band on the anode in the normal fish. It seems that the nobility of hemoglobin band of the fish exposed to copper was slightly faster than that of the normal fish. 6. The normal gill lamellae of the fish consisted of centrally located pillar cells and a number of mucus cells. When the fish were exposed to copper, the epithelial layer was divorced first, disintegrated, and then destroyed completely. 7. The liver of the normal fish had prominent central veins, cords of hepatic cells, and sinusoids. When the fish were exposed to copper, numerous droplets of fat appeared in the cells around the central vein of the liver. It is assumed that the fatty droplets were accumulated by the lesion due to fatty metamorphosis of the liver caused by copper. 8. There was no histological difference between the muscle of the normal fish and that of the fish exposed to copper. 9. In the normal fish, the tubules of the kidney were surrounded by hemopoetic tissues. However, the kidney tissue of the fish exposed to copper received some damage on the proximal tubules. Since the tubule cells were reduced in height, the lumens of the tubules were enlarged. Consequently many proximal tubules exhibited some pink-stained granular casts and various stages of degeneration.

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Analysis on Change in Korean Marriage Behaviors (한국인 혼인행태 변화분석)

  • 이삼식
    • Korea journal of population studies
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.84-110
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    • 1993
  • This study aims at identifying the recent change in marriage behaviors in Korea. The data used here is the vital statistics compiled from the vital registration system of which registration form is put on one from together with the civil registration form. According to the results of this analysis, since 1970 the number of marriages has steadily increased from about 300, 000 in the former of 1970s to about 400, 000 in the latter of 1980s, appproximately coincided with the change in population size at the marriageable age span. The few exceptions that can be seen in the 1970s seem to result from the impact of social upheavals during 1950s; since the birth cohorts affected by the low fertility during the Korean war and the post-war baby-boom generations chracterized by the high fertility entered the marriage market in the 1970s. However, the marriage rate shows a little increase from around 7 in the former of 1970s to around 9 in the latter of 1980s, indicating that the marriage prevalence has been more or less inconsiderably changed during this period. It is also found that the proportion of remarriage to the total marriages has increased to around 10 per cent in 1989, while decreasing that of first marriage. This fact can be attributable to the higher prevalence of divorces and the collapsing of the Confucianism ethic which contributed to expediting the remarriage of widows. Although this proportion is insignificant compared with that of the of more developed countries, it is not difficult to say that the proportion of remarriages will continue to increase in future. The age first at first marriage(AFM) which directly affects the span exposed to the risks pregnancy has increased to the age about 28 for male and about 25 for female in recent years. However, big difference in AFM between urban and rural areas has narrowed, resultant from the increasing involuntary postponement of marriage of rural young population who have met difficulties in seeking their bride or bridegroom in rural areas characterized by the heavy out-migration of young, particularly female, population. The present study shows the reverse relationship between AFM and educational attainment; i.e, the higher the educational attainment the lower the AFM. The conditions which are taken into considerations were the class and the family in the past time but which are, educational attainment, job and personal characteristics. With regard to the age condition, in recent years the male prefers the female younger than himself on the average by 3 years and vice versa, which is reduced form 4-5 years in beginning of 1970s. The age difference bride and bridegroom tends to decrease with the educational attainment increase. This may be attributable to the fact that the persons with the higher educational attainment prefer the love marriage and hence are more likely to choose their counterparts in the about same age. The education condition is characterized by the bridegroom having the higher educational level than bride. It is also significant to note that the proportion of love marriage has increased, whereas that of traditional arranged marriage has decreased. This is true in the urban areas than the rural areas, indicating that rights as well as responsibilities for marriage have been handed over the young population from their parents. In conclusion, the change in the marriage behaviors in Korea are characterized by increasing tendency for the postponement of first marriage, higher prevalences of divorces and a result remarriages, increase of love marriages, narrowing age difference between bride and bridegroom, etc. which are the main results of rapid industrization, increase in educational and economic activity opportunities and change in the ideals of marriages during the past decades. These phenomena prevailing in Korean society would affect not only the family structure that will become less proliferiated but the population size and structure. The most important is that the changes in marriage behaviors of Koreans and their impact on the society with respect to norms, values, morals, of individual and family in the social aspect, change in population size and structure in the demograpic aspects, and economic development in the economic aspects should be integrated into the plannings towards to the future.

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A Study on Analysis of Facility Design in Recreation Forest - With a Special Reference to Chonbuk Province - (자연휴양림(自然休養林)의 시설설계(施設設計)의 분석(分析) - 전북지역(全北地域)을 중심(中心)으로 -)

  • Lee, Chang-Heon;Park, Chong-Min
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.85 no.2
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    • pp.158-171
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    • 1996
  • In Korea, 80,616 ha in 139 places have been designated as recreation forests by the end of 1994. Among these places, 64,547 ha in 76 places were designated in the national forest, 9,937 ha in 25 places were designated in the public forest, and 6,132 ha in 38 places were designated in private forest. Designs of 10 places and plans of 6 places in 14 places of recreation forest in Chonbuk province were compared and analyzed. The results are as follows: 1. Sixty four types of convenient facilities, 15 types of athletic facilities, 13 types of sanitation facilities, 22 types of education facilities were designed in 10 places of the recreation forest. 2. The material cost was the highest in construction costs in Waryong recreation forest. However, the labor cost was the highest one in construction costs in 5 places of recreation forest ; Dokyu-san, Hoimoon-san, Saesim, Seongsu, and Sokgeum-san And the total construction cost was much higher in private recreation forest than in both of national and public recreation forest. 3. Hoimoon-san was the only recreation forest which makes profit among 14 recreation forests in Chonbuk province. The uses of this recreation forest are increasing, and seasonal uses significantly fluctuate. 4. There are several problems for the public in enjoying these recreation forest places. The access to these places by public transportations is inconvenient. The time required for construction of many places are too long after they are designated as recreation forest, and the management of the established recreation forest is poor. 5. To improve the method of facility design in recreation forest, easy access to nature should be promoted such as recreation forest places and understanding of public concerning nature are needed. Recreation forest places themselves need to offer good facilities, and convenient access. And to make frequent use of recreation forest places, a system of information and excellent service to the public are strongly recommended.

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A Study on the Working Environment Recognition and the Caracter Disposition of Nurse Aides (간호조무사의 근무환경인식과 성격성향에 관한 연구)

  • Lee Sun Yi
    • Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.57-74
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    • 1990
  • As the whole world took on the tendency to be highly industrialized, it became necessary for each field of occupation to require professional man power. Especially, since the World War n, the participation of woman power in economic activities has been continually increasing. In our country also, because of the rapid economic growth, change in the way of thinking of women as well as their participation in economic activities are increasing. Thus, woman power is being utilized in various occupational fields from simple physical labor to those that require high-professional skill. Also, continued economic development policies, by setting the establishment of welfare society as the ideology to be fulfilled, brought expansion of medical facilities in the field of public health and increase in man power in that field. As for the nursing specialists, more than 6000 have been being produced per year and as of the end of 1988, the total number of nursing specialists, reached 123, 115. Therefore, this study is done to recognize the professional knowledge and ability of nursing specialists, who take up $40\%$ of the total public-health related man power in our country, through evaluating their working environment and their disposition of character. This study, which was done from September 18th to September 30th 1989, took on the method of using formed questionnaires that had been amended and supplemented during two preparatory investigations, 322 of such questionnaires were used as an analytical material. In the formation of questionnaires, 12 questions were related to the working environment, and 26 in fortotal were related to the disposition of character, 5 for wise-disposition, 11 for activedisposition and 10 for open-disposition. The measuring method, which used 5-point-standard, allowed 5 points for affirmative recognition of the working environment, also 5 points for showing wise, active and open disposition of character and only point in opposite cases. Collected materials were analyzed, through an electronic calculation, into the average value, the standard deflection percentage, pearson corelative number and stepwise multiple regression. Summarizing the results from this study is as follows: 1. It was shown that the nursing specialists with the average of 3.07 have affirmative recognition of their working environment. The questions which drew most affirmative reaction were those concerning finance-management system such as hand, the questions that received negative reaction were those concerning communication method with the average of 2.49. Such reaction seems to have resulted from the cramming regulation by the superior authorities. Concerning the recognition of working environment in relation to employment conditions, more affirmative recognition is shown with the average of 3.14. at hospitals where injection job is not performed. The nursing specialists working at regular hospitals show more affirmative recognition than those at general hospitals, the averages being respectiely 3.16 and 3.03. 2. As for the disposition of character of the nursing specialists, active-disposition was highest with the average of 3.38, next was wise-disposition with 3.20 and the lowest was open-diposition with 2.98. Variable-wise disposition of character shows that wise-disposition and academic background are beneficially correlated by 0.12. Ative-disposition and open-disposition show correlation to the office term by respectively 0.16 and 0.21. In other words. better academic background leads to higher wise-disposition and more - experience results in higher active and open disposition. Also, the class that performs the injection job, in relation to the working environment, might cause change in the self-conceit that identify those in that class with the nurses; however, as far as professional judgment and action, in dealing with nursing job, being wise, active and open is concerned, not much effect is made. 3. The relation between the recognition of the working environment and the disposition of character is that more afirmative recognition- a nursing specialist has about her working environment, the higher the active-disposition becomes by 0.13. The degrees of the relation between recongnition of environment and wise and open dispositions show respectively 0.06 and -0.06 and -0.06. That is to say that when having more affirmative recognition of the working environment, a nursing specialist shows wise but closed disposition of character. This, howerver, didn't mean much statistically. When observing the results mentioned above, it is conspicuous that the nursing specialists, working as substitutes for the nurse at medical institutions of various sizes, get the feeling of being somewhat equal to the nurses and to some extent, fulfill their desire to accomplish their ego; however, as far as professional ability expansion if concerned. they lack wise and open dispositions. Therefore, considiering upon the results of this study, in medical institutions where the work of nursing specialists is regaded equal to that of the nurses, as a medical member who deals with human lives, it is desirable to make the nursing specialists work under the supervision of the nurses and to offer them continuous education to strengthen and improve their natural dispositions.

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