• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.131-152
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• 2012

The aims of this study were to analyze middle-aged households' financial preparation for retirement. Specifically, this study surveyed the relation between human capital investment for children and the middle-aged households' financial preparation for retirement and investigated factors influencing financial preparation for retirement. Data were obtained from the 3rd Korean Retirement and Income Study (KReIS) in 2009, and a sample of 757 households was selected. The statistical methods were frequency, percentile, mean, standard deviation, ${\chi}^2$, t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and logistic regression analysis. The findings of this study are as follows. First, the percentile of preparation for living costs for old age was 49.9% for the middle-aged households. In terms of the types of preparation for living costs for old age, the results showed 61.6% of personal preparation, 33.9% of pension system, and 1.3% for children and relatives. In relation to the adequacy of the preparations for living costs for old age, preparations made by 57.4% of the middle-aged households were inadequate. Observing the minimum living costs for old age and adequate living costs after retirement for single and couple, the minimum living costs of the middle-aged households was 1.46 million won for couple and 0.91 million won for single. The adequate living costs for old age was 2.07 million won for couple and 1.34 million won for single. Second, there were 757 households with total education expenditure. Of these, 208 incurred annual expenditure on public education, and the annual expenditure for public education was 7.28 million won. There were 170 households with annual expenditure for private education, and the annual expenditure for private education was 2.50 million won. 243 households of middle-aged households had annual expenditure for human capital investment, including both public and private education, with annual expenditure for human capital investment for children of 7.82 million won. Furthermore, in the human capital investment factor, there was a difference in the middle-aged households' financial preparation for retirement according to their annual expenditure for human capital investment including both public and private education. In addition, there was a difference in financial preparation for retirement based on their public education expenditure. Third, in the logistic regression model 1, which included human capital investment, the significant variables affecting the preparation for retirement of the middle-aged households were as follows : annual household income, total amount of annual household income, experience of inadequate living costs, existence of financial assets, total amount of annual household savings, financial independence, adequate living costs (for single) for old age, and human capital investment. In the logistic regression model 2, which included annual expenditure for public education and annual expenditure for private education, the significant variables affecting the preparation for retirement of the middle-aged households were as follows : annual household income, total amount of annual household income, experience of inadequate living costs, existence of financial assets, total amount of annual household savings, financial independence, adequate living costs (for single) for old age, and annual expenditure for public education.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.171-171
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• 1996

The Purpose of this study is to find out factors which affect the expenditure on educations for children's human capital and to provide fundamental information to make a policy for education. Data are obtained from 2484 maried couples with children on the pre-school or over. The results of this study are as follows: 1) If the eldest child was in pre-school or public school, the expenditure on private education was higher than that of public education. While in the beyond junior high school, the expenditure on public education was much higher. 2) Life-cycle, the number of children, region, earned income, non-earned income, real assets, Engel's coeeficient were significant impact on the expenditure of education.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.415-427
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of expenditure on private education and stress caused by private education on the parental efficacy of mothers of junior and senior high school students. The subjects were 300 mothers of students who were enrolled in the junior and senior high school in Seoul and its suburbs. The results were as follows: First, the level of stress from private education was found to be higher than the degree of parental efficacy. Second, a hierarchical regression analysis was performed by using expenditure on private education and stress caused by private education as independent variables and the socio-demographic characteristics of mothers as control variables in order to identify their effect on the parental efficacy of mothers of junior and senior high school students. The results show that stress from private education and monthly income were significantly related to parental efficacy. That is, the lower the level of stress from private education and the higher the monthly income, the higher was the degree of parental efficacy. These findings suggest that expenditure on private education seems to be determined by the household income level; thus, income may affect psychological stress and parental efficacy of mothers with respect to the process of providing private education.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제48권10호
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• pp.105-119
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• 2010

This study investigated the association between the expenditures for childrearing and the intention to have the second childbirth applying the recursive equation models. The major results were as follows. First, more than half of the households with one child did not have an intention to have the second childbirth. Second, about 40% of the household expenditure was spent for childrearing. About 36% of the childrearing expenditure was spent on the childcare and education, and about 64% on purchase of goods and services for child. Third, the variables which had a significant effect on the intention to have the second childbirth were child's age, mother's education, father's income, the private educational expenditure, and consumption expenditure for child. The intention to have the second childbirth did not have a significant effect on the level of childrearing expenditure. The implications for the family policies were suggested.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제60권2호
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• pp.289-302
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• 2022

This study examined the effect of private educational expenditure on adolescent depression and somatic symptoms. The sample comprised 2,589 first-grade middle-school students who completed the 2018 Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (the generalized linear model), multiple regression, and quantile regression analysis. The principal results were as follows. First, 15.15% of adolescents reported depression symptoms, and 15.57% reported somatic symptoms. Second, levels of depression were significantly different among classes with a different level of private educational expenditure. Third, depression level was significantly negatively associated with private educational expenditure, in that the higher the private educational expenditure, the lower the depression level. Fourth, the effect of private educational expenditure on adolescent depression was significant at the 70~90th quantile regression, suggesting that private educational expenditure was associated with a higher level of depression symptoms. The results indicate that private education was viewed as a consumption commodity rather than a complementary educational practice or investment in human capital. Private education as a commodity might induce the highly developed and costly private education market. In turn, there is an increased financial burden for education at one end of the social-economic continuum and depression caused by relative deprivation at the other end.

• 정보교육학회논문지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.871-878
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 가구의 월평균 전체 사교육비와 소프트웨어 및 인공지능 관련 사교육비, 그리고 학업성취 간 관계를 분석하여 소프트웨어 교육의 양극화 실태를 조명하였다. 이를 위해 전국의 초등학생 자녀를 둔 학부모 2,780명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 자료를 수집하였으며 상관분석과 차이검증을 수행하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 소프트웨어 교육 참여 여부에 따라 자녀의 학업성취도에는 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 둘째, 자녀의 학업성취도가 높을수록 소프트웨어 사교육에 참여하는 비율도 현격히 증가하는 경향성을 확인하였다. 셋째, 총 사교육비와 소프트웨어 관련 사교육비는 유의미한 정적 상관이 있었다. 넷째, 소프트웨어 사교육비와 학업성취도 간에는 통계적으로 유의미하지는 않았으나 정적 상관이 존재하는 것으로 드러났다. 본 연구를 통하여 학부모는 공교육에서 제공하는 소프트웨어 교육이 충분하지 않은 탓에 사교육 참여와 그 지출 규모를 늘리고 있고, 가구소득에 따라 미래 인재로 성장하기 위한 주요 역량을 키우는 데에 격차가 존재한다는 문제가 있음을 확인하였다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.41-56
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the expenditure on private education and stress from private education, and the role conflicts of the mothers of junior and senior high school students. The subjects were 300 mothers of students who are enrolled in junior and senior high school and receiving private education in Seoul and its suburbs. The results were as follows: First, the level of stress from private education was found to be higher than the scale range of the median, whereas the degree of role conflicts was slightly lower than the scale range of the median. Second, a hierarchical regression analysis was performed by using the expenditure on private education and stress from private education as independent variables and the socio-demographic variables of mothers as the control variables in order to identify their effect on the role conflicts of the mothers of the junior and senior high school students. The results show that the age of the mother, the household monthly income, the monthly expenditure on private education, and stress from private education were significantly related to the role conflicts of the mothers. That is, the older the age of the mother, the lower the level of monthly income, the lower the level of the monthly expenditure on private education, and the higher the level of stress from private education, the greater the degree of the role conflicts of the mother.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.241-249
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• 2024

본 연구는 의무교육에 대한 재정지출의 효율성에 미치는 영향 요인을 분석하고 있다. 중국의 의무교육도 다른 국가와 마찬가지로 주로 재정지출에 의존하고 있다. 본 연구는 우선 2006-2021년 기간 동안 중국의 31개 지역을 대상으로 의무교육에 대한 재정지출의 효율성을 추계한다. 의무교육에 대한 재정지출의 효율성은 지역경제발전 수준이 상대적으로 높은 지역이 오히려 낮게 나타나고 있으며, 지역경제발전 수준이 상대적으로 낮은 지역의 효율성이 높게 나타나고 있다. 그리고 효율성을 종속변수로 설정하고 1인당 GDP, 재정자립도, 연령구조, 재정지출의 비중, 교사의 수준을 설명변수로 설정하여 Tobit모형을 이용하여 효율성의 영향요인을 분석하였다. 분석 결과에 의하면 1인당 GDP와 재정자립도는 효율성에 통계적 유의성이 나타나지 않으며, 연령구조, 재정지출의 비중 그리고 교사의 수준은 정(+)의 통계적 유의성이 나타나고 있다.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.135-152
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• 2003

This study examined which factors influence educational expenditure by family life cycle. Data for this study were from the 2001 Household Income and Expenditure Survey and consisted of a sample of 2,681 households. The results showed that the households having high school students had the highest educational expenditure and the households having middle school students had the highest ratio of educational expenditure to consumption expenditure. The education of household head, family type, the number of children, the age of the youngest child, and family income had significant effect on educational expenditure in all the stages of family life cycle. The results of this study will be useful for financial management of households and give suggestions for the government policy on education.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.27-42
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to analyze consumption expenditure patterns over family life cycle. The data used in the study is the 1994 Survey data from Annual Report on the Family Income and Expenditure Survey. The study sample included 26,980 salary and wage earners’ households living in cities. The family life cycle was classified into six stages and items of expenditure were classified into 12 categories. Frequency distribution, mean, one-way ANOVA, Scheff test, and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The major findings of this study are as follows : First, the average consumption propensity differs among family life cycle. Second, the amount and budget share of consumption expenditure for each expenditure category differ significantly among family life cycle in all expenditure categories. Third, family life cycle is found to be a significant factor on expenditure of food and education, and also on budget share of education.