• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2016

Objectives : In 2007, a survey of how Kampo was regarded in Japanese clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) was first conducted by the Special Committee for Evidence Based Medicine (EBM), namely the Japan Society for Oriental Medicine (JSOM). A manual for CPG development was also published in 2007 by the Japan Council for Quality Health Care, and the revised edition came out in 2014. The purpose this study is to review the current state in CPGs applied to Kampo after 2007, while focusing on how Kampo products being regarded evidence based branch of medicine by CPG developers. Methods : Sources include the Kampo CPGs website of Japan Society for Oriental Medicine (JSOM) and MINDS (Medical Information Network Distribution Service) website of Japan Council for Quality Health Care. Results : Among the 784 CPGs existing by the end of 2015, 91 CPGs were considered containing descriptions of Kampo. Furthermore, 28 type A Kampo CPG (KCPG) which had quality of evidence and strength of recommendation with references were found. Also, most of type A KCPGs relied on the MINDS Handbook for Clinical Practice Guideline Development that was published in 2007. Conclusions : The number of KCPGs are increasing yearly. However, there is still not much Kampo evidence found in CPGs in Japan. Overall, it could be said that we need to not only make evidence vertically but preach it horizontally well.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.158-162
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• 2006

중국에서 도입된 우슬 (Achyranthes bidentata.)을 신소득작물로 개발하기 위하여 국내 적응성을 검토하였다. A. bidentata는 $25^{\circ}C$와 $15^{\circ}C$에서 파종 후 각기 3일과 5일경부터 발아가 시작되었고, 10일과 15일경에는 대부분의 종자가 발아하였으며, 발아율과 발아세 모두 A. japonica보다 높게 나타났다. 초기생육 및 정식 후 60일까지는 A. bidentata의 생육이 A. japonica보다 양호하였으나, 그 후부터는 반대의 양상을 보였다. A. bidentata의 개화기와 낙엽기는 7월 10일과 9월 26일로 A. japonica에 비하여 월등히 빠르게 나타났다. A. japonica는 줄기색이 녹색 바탕에 옅은 자색을 띠는데 반하여 A. bidentata는 자색을 나타내어 두종 간의 차이가 확실하였다. A. japonica의 키와 분지수는 A. bidentata에 비하여 길고 많으나, 화방군의 길이와 화방군당 꽃수는 짧고 적었다. 뿌리의 길이, 직경, 지근수 및 천립중은 A. bidentata가 A. japonica에 비하여 짧고, 굵고, 적고, 무거운 것으로 조사되었다. A. bidentata의 수량성 (수원, 나주지역 평균)은 A. japonica와 비슷하였으며, A. bidentata는 A. japonica에 비교하여 수원보다 나주지역에서 수량 증수효과가 더욱 큰 것으로 보아 도입종인 A. bidentata의 재배적지는 따뜻한 남부지역으로 판단되었다. 이상의 결과로 한약재 우슬로 대한약전에 새로 수재된 도입우슬의 국내 재배생산 가능성이 확인되어 새로운 한약재 자원식물로 이용 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2013

Objectives Non-major depression with fewer symptoms than required for a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th edition diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) has consistently been found to be associated with functional impairment. In this study, we aim to estimate the cognitive impairment and the quality of life in elderly patients with subsyndromal depression (SSD) compared with non-depressive elderly (NDE). Methods The Korean version of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was administered to 194 outpatients with depression and 108 normal controls. SSD is defined as having five or more current depressive symptoms with core depressive symptoms (depressive mood or loss of interest or pleasure) during more than half a day and more than seven days over two weeks. Depression was evaluated by the Korean form of Geriatric Depression Scale of a 15-item short version. Global cognition was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination in the Korean version of CERAD assessment packet (MMSE-KC). Subjective cognitive impairment was assessed by the Subjective Memory Complaint Questionnaire. Quality of life was evaluated by the Korean Version of Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey. Results The mean score of the MMSE-KC in the SSD group was lower than that in the NDE group with adjustment for age, gender, and education [F = 4.270, p = 0.04, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)]. If we defined those having Z-score of MMSE-KC < -1.5 as a high risk group of cognitive impairment, the odds ratio for the high risk group of cognitive impairment was 1.86 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.04-3.34] in SSD and 7.57 (95% CI 3.50-16.40) in MDD compared to NDE. The scores of physical component summary (F = 9.274, p = 0.003, ANCOVA) and mental component summary (F = 53.166, p < 0.001, ANCOVA) in the SSD group were lower than those in the NDE group with adjustment for age, gender, and education. Conclusions The subjects with SSD, as well as those with MDD, showed impairment of global cognition and also experienced low quality of life in both physical and mental aspects, compared to the NDE group.

• 대한세포병리학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2001

The Bethesda System (TBS) was first developed in 1988 for the need to enhance the communication of the cytopathologic findings to the referring physician in unambiguous diagnostic terms. The terminology used in this reporting system should reflect current understanding of the pathogenesis of cervical/vaginal disease so the framework of the reporting system should be flexible enough to accommodate advances in medicine including virology, molecular biology, and pathology. Three years after the Introduction of TBS, the second Bethesda workshop was held to set or amend diagnostic criteria for each categories of TBS. TBS 1991 is now widely used. The third Bethesda workshop, The Bethesda System 2001 Workshop, was held in National Cancer institute Bethesda, Maryland from April 30 to May 2, 2001. Again, the goals of this workshop were to promote effective communication and to clarify in reporting cervical cytopathology results to clinicians and to provide with the information to make appropriate decisions about diagnosis and treatment. Nine forum groups were made and there were Web-based bulletin board discussions between October, 2000 and the first week of April, 2001. On the basis of bulletin board comments and discussions, the forum moderators recommended revised terminologies in the Workshop. Hot discussions were followed after the presentation by forum moderators during the workshop. Terminologies confusing clinicians and providing no additional informations regarding patient management were deleted in the workshop to clarify the cervicovaginal cytology results. Any informations related to the patient management were encouraged to add. So 'Satisfactory for evaluation but limited by...' of 'Specimen Adequacy' catergory was deleted. Terminology of 'Unsatisfactory' was further specified as 'Specimen rejected' and 'Specimen processed and examined, but unsatisfactory'. Terminologies of 'Benign Cellular Change' and 'Within Normal Limits' were combined and terminology was changed to 'Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy'. In General categorization, category 'Other' was newly inserted and the presence of 'Endometrial cells' in women over 40 years old can be checked. Although the category 'Benign Cellular Change' was deleted, the organisms or reactive changes of this category can be listed in the descriptive diagnoses. Terminologies of ASCUS and AGUS were changed to atypical squamous cell and atypical glandular cell, respectively. Diagnostic term of 'Adenocarcinoma in situ', which is highly reproducible with reliable diagnostic criteria, was newly Inserted. The category of hormonal evaluation was deleted. Criteria for liquid-based specimen were discussed. Reporting by computer-assisted cytology was discussed and terminology for automated review was newly inserted. This is not the final edition of Bethesda 2001. The final document can be prepared before the ASCCP meeting in which Consensus Guidelines for the Management on Cytology Abnormalities and Cervical Precursors will develop in September 2001.

• 한국학교수학회논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.277-302
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• 2017

2009 개정 교육과정과 2015 개정 교육과정 수학과 교육목표에서 실생활에서의 수학의 활용도에 대해 강조하고 있음에도 실제 학교 현장에서는 그에 대한 인식이 매우 낮다. 이에 본 연구에서는 수학적 연결성 관점에 중점을 둔 교육과정에 주목할 필요가 있음을 인식하고, NCTM(1989, 2000) 규준 중에서 연결성 관점에 중점을 두고 문제해결 능력 강화와 수학적 의사소통능력을 향상시키기 위해서 1990년부터 꾸준히 개발된 CMP 교육과정을 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위해 수정, 보완을 거쳐 2014년 세 번째로 출간된 CMP 교과서를 방정식 부등식과 함수 단원 중심으로 분석하였다. 첫째, Janvier(1987)의 함수 표현 양식(상황 언어적 서술, 표, 그래프, 공식)을 활용한 새로운 분석틀을 사용하여 연결성과 관련한 분석을 하였고, 둘째, 수학의 다른 단원, 다른 영역, 타 교과목 및 실생활 내용간의 연결성과 관련하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 CMP 교과서에는 새로운 개념, 원리를 제시할 때나 문제 풀이 활동을 할 때 상황에 맞는 다양한 실생활 소재가 사용되고 있었다. Janvier(1987)의 함수 표현 양식에 따른 12가지의 연결 과정이 다양하게 제시되어 있었고, 방정식과 함수, 부등식과 함수와의 관계, 타 교과목 및 실생활 내용간의 연결성도 구체적인 상황으로 표현되어 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 조형예술학연구
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• 제11권
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• pp.79-108
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• 2007

"Printing is an Art of reproduction & a Technique of However printing has extended its limitation from a genre of reproduction itself and now it stands on the turning point as an art such as painting or sculpture which expresses artist's originality. Early Printing has had relations in depth with press printing in terms of information recording, preservation, and transmission. It was acknowledged value in a way of information satisfaction different from how it is valued as a pure art today. But, later printing has transferred its function from a mean of reproduction to pure art due to the development of printing skills and photography invention. It can be said that the concept of modern printing is taking over its genealogy as a creative work not as just printing. Also its expression capability is widen to dimensional printing and high-tech multimedia from original tradition techniques. As we discussed above, modern painting is very open to various changes. This modern painting aspect can be seen as an extended interpretation of 'board' concept. This dissertation raises a question why monotype and monoprint couldn't secure its position in printing history in spite of numerous artists' tryouts in its way. Monotype and monoprint fundamentally based on intaglio technique in its history. Yet, its systematic study hasn't been worked out. This is because of the lack of recognition of monotype and monoprint's originality as printing. Especially in monoprint, it has known as an early stage in copperplate printing process which is an attempt to solve the technique limitation or trial work for edition. Likewise the reason why monotype and monoprint remains at the edge of printing border ambiguously is because of conceptual, technical characteristics which are against traditional printing. In traditional printing, the concept of board is important as a method of reproduction. Different from the fact, monotype and monoprint accept the form of medium 'board' conceptually out of limited condition as mentioned. Thus monotype and monoprint hasn't stand out for several reasons until late 20th century when it started come out to public as people starts to have interests that works from famous artists are actually based on monotype and monoprint. This dissertation likes to step into the monotype and monoprint theoretically which is not well known in domestic and try to study the meaning of monotype and monoprint as a printing medium which is also hasn't been considered sincerely. For this study the process follow as below. First, look into how monotype and monoprint has a concept and history. Next, check differences through comparison with traditional printing and how printing can be understood in what aspects at the same time. After, verify how monotype and monoprint have influence on the acceptance of extended concept of 'board'. This study will show the expressional possibility of monotype and monoprint which has already known as 'tableau printing' in today's situation where adventurous experiments of printing medium are going on with the development of technology.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.233-240
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• 2017

Purpose: To validate the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) TNM staging system for human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and investigate whether a modified classification better reflects the prognosis. Materials and Methods: Medical records of patients diagnosed with non-metastatic HPV-related OPSCC between 2010 and 2016 at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. HPV status was determined by immunohistochemical analysis of p16 and/or HPV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We reclassified TNM stage T0-1 and N0-1 as group A, T2-3 or N2 as B, and T4 or N3 as C. Survival analysis according to 8th AJCC/UICC TNM staging and the modified classification was performed. Results: Of 383 OPSCC patients, 211 were positive for HPV DNA PCR or p16. After exclusion, 184 patients were included in this analysis. Median age was 56 years (range, 31 to 81 years). Most primary tumors were in the palatine tonsil (148 tumors, 80%). The eighth AJCC/UICC TNM classification could not differentiate between stage I and II (p = 0.470) or II and III (p = 0.209). Applying modified grouping, the 3-year overall survival rate of group A was significantly higher than that of group B and C (98% vs. 91%, p = 0.039 and 98% vs. 78%, p < 0.001, respectively). Differentiation between group B and C was marginally significant (p = 0.053). Conclusion: The 8th AJCC/UICC TNM staging system did not clearly distinguish the prognosis of stage II from that of other stages. Including the T2N0-1 group in stage II may improve prognostic stratification.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 1995

This study was designed to investigate the role of weight control in the formation of underlying pathology in eating disorder or eating related problems. The subjects were 304 college athletes(Male : 187. Female: 121) and they were divided into two groups according to need for weight control(Weght control group: 110, Weght non control group: 194). The authors used self report questionnaire which was composed of epidemiologic data, food habit scale, eating attitude test, scale for locus of control for weight, scale for food preference and eating behavior. And we also used Eysenck Personality Questionnaire of Korean standardized edition for assessment of personality characteristics, Beck depression inventory, and the scale of hypochondriasis. The results were as follows: 1) Body mass index and the amount of cigarrette smoking and alcohol drinking showed significant differences by sex but not by need for weight control. 2) Eating habit of female athletes was the worst in all athletes. The score of eating attitude test of female athletes was higher than that of male athletes but there was no significant difference by need for weight control. Food preference and eating related behavior was also different by sex. 3) There were no significant differences in all subscales of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Beck depression inventory, and the scale of hypochondriasis between two groups which were divided by need for weight control. Neuroticism score was higher in female atheletes and psychoticism score was the highest in weight control male atheletes. 4) There was no significant difference in number of population with abnormal EAT score(to-tal score$\geq$26) between two groups which were divided by need for weight control. 5) The score of eating attitude test had positive correlation with the score of psychoticism and the tendency of depression in weight control male athletes but not in non-weight control male athletes. In non-weight control male athletes, the score of eating attitude test had positive correlation with the score of lie scale. so its correlation is different from those of weight control male athletes. But in female athletes, the score of eating attitude test had significant positive correlation with the score of psychoticism in both groups. In conclusion, these results suggest that the differences of eating traits in athletes are depend upon the sex difference, not upon the need for weight control. and that the role of weight control in eating disorder or abnormal eating attitude differs according to sex.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.71-77
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• 1991

1. 1991년(年) 8월(月)부터 10일(日)까지 제주도내(濟州道內) 넙치양식장 4개소(個所)의 병어에서 연쇄구균을 분리하였다. 2. 분리균(分離菌)은 $10^{\circ}C$, $45^{\circ}C$, 6.5% Nacl, pH 9.6 및 0.1% methylene blue milk 에서는 발육(發育)되지 않았고 또한 Indole 및 $H_2S$도 생성하지 못하였으며 $\beta$ 용혈성(溶血性)을 나타내었다. 3. 이상(以上)의 성상(性狀)에서 분리균(分離菌)은 Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology 및 Bergey's Manual os Systematic Bacteriology I 및 II에 근거(根據)를 두어 검색(檢索)한 결과(結果) Streptococcus pyogenes 및 Streptococcus epuisimilis와 유사하지만 약간의 차이(差異)가 있으므로 Streptococcus sp.로 하였다. 4. 분리균(分離菌)의 약제(藥劑) 감수성(感受性) 시험결과(試驗結果) Spiramycin 및 Erythromycin에 높은 감수성(感受性)을 나타냈으나 Penicillin에는 내성(耐性)을 나타냈다. 5. 분리균(分離菌)의 병원성(病原性) 시험결과(試驗結果) $1.1{\times}10^3cells$/100g 어체중 이상(以上) 접종(接種)하였을 때는 폐사(斃死) 미수(尾數)가 발생(發生)하였으나 그 이하(以下)의 접종(接種) 농도(濃度)에서는 폐사(斃死)가 발생(發生)하지 않았다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.563-574
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• 2005

Objectives : Poststroke depression is a frequent and specific entity that impaires the rehabilliation and functional recovery of patients with hemiplegia. The author evaluated the effect of Banhahubak-tang(Banxiahoupotang) in patients with poststroke depression. Methods : 38 patients suffering from poststroke depression(determined by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, revised. 3rd edition. and Beck Depression Inventory[BDI] cutoff $point{\geqq}10$) in Kyunghee Oriental hospital were randomized into two groups; treatment group(n=19) and control group(n=19). The treatment group was prescribed with Banhahubak-tang(Banxiahoupotang) three times a day fur a week. Control troop was prescribed with other herbal medicines used for stroke Patients three times a day for a week. Patients were evaluated by use of BDI scale, Modified Barthel Index, Depression of Ki score, Yin syndrome score, and Yang syndrome score. Among 38 patients, 24 patients got BDI scores above 21, which is the cut-off score for depression in Korean. The same procedures and assessments described above were applied. Results : Treatment group did not significantly improve compared with control group. Results yielded only slight significance (P=0.086). Especially. patients with poststroke depression as yin syndrome improved more significantly on BDI than those classified as yang syndrome. When BDI cutoff point for depression was defined as being ${\geq}\;21$, treatment group did not significantly improve compared with control group(P=0.114). However, patients with poststroke depression classified as yin syndrome were also significantly improved on BDI than those classified as yang syndrome. Conclusions : This study suggests that Banhahubak-tang(Banxiahoupotang) is significantly effective in patients with poststroke depression classified as yin syndrome.