• Asia Pacific Journal of Business Review
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.57-76
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• 2018

The "Internet of things" (IoT) is becoming an increasingly growing topic of conversation, it is a new emergent technology that can be present in almost every field and application. It's a concept that not only has the potential to impact how people live but also how people work. Broadband Internet and Mobile Internet are becoming more widely available, the cost of the service is decreasing, more devices are being created with Wi-Fi capabilities and sensors built into them, technology costs are going down, and smartphone penetration is growing so fast. All of these facts are creating the best environment for the IoT applications. In a country like Ecuador, is important to have a previous analysis about the feasibility of the implementation of this new technology in order to know what are the challenges the country has to face, and also to not stay behind as the other countries in the region are advancing. Currently, this kind of analysis does not exist. The Internet of Things is an innovation where business and technology models in Ecuador are relatively unexplored. The current infrastructure deployed in Ecuador and the available devices in the market are the central facts to initiate with the research, which is a starting point to show if Ecuador is ready to this technology, and if is not ready what is missing. This study shows the current telecommunications status in Ecuador, and its strengths and weaknesses to start the deployment of Internet of Things. Besides, it also will show the most likely applications that can be easily adopted for the Ecuadorian market with its respective availability, affordability, and adaptability.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.189-194
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• 2018

To determine that Paragonimus sp. is actively transmitted in a tropical area of the Pacific region of Ecuador where human cases of pulmonary paragonimiasis have recently been documented, a total of 75 freshwater crabs were collected from 2 different streams in the Pedernales area of $Manab\acute{i}$ Province, Ecuador. All collected crabs were identified as Hypolobocera guayaquilensis based on morphological characteristics of the male gonopods. The hepatopancreas of each crab was examined by compressing it between 2 glass plates followed by observation under a stereomicroscope. Excysted Paragonimus metacercariae were detected in 39 (52.0%) crabs and their densities varied from 1 to 32 per infected crab. There was a positive relationship between crab size and metacercarial density. Sequences of the second internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene of the Paragonimus metacercariae obtained in this study were identical to those of Paragonimus mexicanus deposited in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank database. Thus, the present study is the first to confirm that the crab species H. guayaquilensis is the second intermediate host of P. mexicanus in $Manab\acute{i}$ Province, Ecuador. Because this crab might be the possible source of human infections in this area, residents should pay attention to improper crab-eating habits related with a neglected parasitic disease, i.e., paragonimiasis.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.293-299
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• 2022

Purpose: Data on eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in South America is scarce. Moreover, no studies are available in Ecuador. We evaluated the clinical, endoscopic, and histological characteristics of Ecuadorian children with EoE. Methods: Medical records of 2,711 children who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE) between 2009 and 2020 at Hospital Metropolitano de Quito, Ecuador were reviewed. Esophageal mucosal biopsies were obtained from 72 patients and the features of 35 children with EoE were described. EoE was diagnosed when there were more than 15 eosinophils in the esophagus, per high power field. Results: EoE was diagnosed in 35 children (9.4±4.5 years) with a male predominance (74%). Abdominal pain (51.4%) and vomiting (31.4%) were dominant symptoms. A history of allergic diseases was noted in 47.1% of the children, which mainly included allergic rhinitis (37.1%) and atopic dermatitis (11.4%). The most common endoscopic findings were furrowing (82.9%) and edema (74.3%). All patients were initially treated with proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs). Those who did not respond to PPIs received steroids (5.7%) and diet therapy (5.7%), and five patients were referred to an allergist. Clinical and histological resolution was observed in 65% of the patients who underwent a second UGE after 6-8 weeks of PPI. Conclusion: Our study describes the clinical features of pediatric EoE in Ecuador. This is the first retrospective study in Ecuador that describes the clinical, endoscopic, and histological manifestations of EoE in a small pediatric population. Almost half of the children who underwent a biopsy had EoE.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.3-23
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• 2015

The Chevron saga including Chevron/TexPet v. Ecuador, PCA Case No. 34877(hereinafter referred to as "Chevron I") and Chevron/TexPet v. Ecuador, PCA Case No. 2009-23(hereinafter referred to as "Chevron II") started out of domestic litigations between TexPet and Ecuador in the early 1990s. In Chevron I, the Tribunal decided that Article 2(7) of the U.S.-Ecuador BIT on effective means of provision was breached because of undue delays in the seven legal proceedings TexPet had brought against Ecuador in respect to contractual obligations. In Chevron II, it was contended that through the actions and inactions of the judiciary and the executive, Ecuador breached her several obligations under the BIT. Ecuador objected to the jurisdiction of the Tribunal because TexPet's investment was terminated in 1992, and because Chevron is not a party to the 1995 Settlement Agreement and 1998 Final Release. In its Interim Award on Jurisdiction and Admissibility, the Tribunal applied a prima facie standard to the facts alleged by the Claimants but denied by the Respondent, and decided that questions in respect of the Respondent's jurisdictional objections should be joined to the merits under Article 21(4) of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. In the merits phase of Chevron II, the Tribunal divided the merits of the Parties' dispute into two parts, entitled "Track 1" and "Track 2". In its Partial Award on Track 1, the Tribunal decided that Chevron is a "Releasee" under the 1995 Settlement Agreement. In a decision on "Track 1B", the Tribunal decided that the Lago Agrio complaint cannot be read as pleading "exclusively" or "only" diffuse claims, and that, to this extent, the Claimants' reliance on the 1995 Settlement Agreement as a complete bar to the Lago Agrio complaint must fail, as a matter of Ecuadorian law. The Tribunal maintained the position that the Parties' disputes on both merit and jurisdiction should be reserved for Track 2. It remains to be seen how the Tribunal addresses the Claimants' allegations of multiple denials of justice under international law against the judgments of the Respondent's Courts, together with the Respondent's jurisdictional objections in Track 2 of the arbitration.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.31-42
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• 2010

Purpose: The aims of this study were to identify successful strategies and propose a community-based participatory global health project model for primary health care capacity development. Methods: The study used case study methodology. A The unit of analysis was an international cooperation health project entitled "Community-based Primary Health Care Improvement in San Lorenzo, Ecuador" using community-based participatory research conducted in 2007~2008. Data were collected through windshield surveys, focus group discussion, key informant interviews, and provider surveys. Results: Identified successful strategies for the international cooperation health project were reciprocal partnership between researchers and community, partners' capacity building, south-to-south cooperation, and continuous monitoring and feedback. Community participation was found to be an essential tenet to guarantee the improvement of primary health care in the underserved rural community. Evidence from the activities of community health practitioners in Korea was applicable to the development of training programs for primary health care providers in Ecuador. Conclusion: Strategies for strengthening primary health capacity may be tailored depending on socio-cultural, political, and economical situations of each country. The model, however, would be applicable to the entire process of community-based global health projects in underserved rural communities of other countries.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.559-580
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• 2011

오늘날 BRICs 국가들이 효과적인 정부의 개입과 세계시장의 활용을 통하여 급속한 성장을 이루었음에도 불구하고 동일한 정책을 선택한 수많은 제 3세계 국가들이 여전히 저성장의 늪에 빠져 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 특정한 정책의 선택을 경제성장의 결정요인으로 보기 보다는 정책의 이행역량을 중심으로 살펴보아야 한다는 관점 하에서 근년 들어 자유주의적 경제정책에서 적극적 정부개입으로 정책을 선회한 에콰도르에 대한 사례연구를 실시하였다. 에콰도르는 꼬레아 정부의 등장 이래 정부의 적극적 개입을 통한 산업화를 추구하고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 정책적 선택이 경제성장을 가져올 수 있는지 여부 그 자체 보다는 에콰도르가 종합적으로 이를 성공적으로 수행할 수 있는 역량을 보유하고 있는지 분석을 목적으로 한다. 즉, 에콰도르 경제개발정책의 질적수준과 그 이행능력을 평가함으로써 개도국 성장역량의 결정요인을 미시적 수준(정책의 합리성, 일관성, 실현가능성, 행정부 역량, 정책의 집행구조 등)에서 살펴보고 있다. 본 연구에서는 에콰도르의 산업 및 무역정책이 충분한 현실 정합성을 확보하지 못하고 있으며 전략산업의 선정도 지나친 경직성으로 인하여 환경변화에 따른 융통성을 결여하고 있는 것으로 평가되었다. 또한 에콰도르의 정책수단들이 매우 일반적인 인센티브 제도와 기술적 지원에 그치고 있으며 산업의 구축에 필요한 자원의 투입과 관련한 구체적 방안을 결여하고 있는 것으로 평가되었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.101-108
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• 1990

포도낭미충증을 포함한 유구낭미충증 환자의 신경외과적 수술 과정에서 수거한 낭미충 낭액의 성분 단백질을 비교 검토하였다. 7.5% gel에서 Disc-PAGE와 reducing condition의 10~15% gel에 SDS-PAGE를 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 7.5% gel에서 실시한 Disc-PAGE 소견상 제주도와 Ecuador에서 수집한 돼지의 유구낭미충 낭액은 U, A, B, C, E, S의 6개 band로 구성되어 있었고 그 중 band C가 주 구성 성분이었다. 그리고 인체에서 수집한 낭액 은 band C가 주 구성 성분이었고 경우에 따라 band E가 주 구성 성분으로 관찰되고 있었다. 정상 뇌척수액은 band C, E 위치에서 ${\gamma}-globulin$과 albumin이 보이고 있었다. 2. 10~15% gel에서 실시한 SDS-PAGE상 제주도 낭액은 최소 25개 이상의 subunit로 구성되어 있었고 그 중 95, 64, 48, 39, 34, 24, 15, 10및 7 kDa band가 주 구성 성분이었다. 그리고 Ecuador감염 돼지의 유구낭미충 낭액은 전체적으로 비슷했으나 48, 39, 34, 24 kDa band가 의미한 반면 21, 17 kDa가 진하게 염색되었다. 인체 뇌낭미충증 환자에서 수집한 낭액들은 15~21개 정도의 band가 보이고 있었다. 그 중 94, 64, 15, 10 그리고 7 kDa band는 모든 낭액에 공통적으로 포함되어 있었다. 한편, 정상 뇌척수액의 SDS-PAGE에서는 77, 66 (albumin), 55 (heavy chain of ${\gamma}-globulin$), 22.5 (light chain of ${\gamma}-globulin$) 그리고 17 kDa band가 보였다. 환자의 낭액은 77, 66, 55, 22.5 kDa에서 진하게 염색되는 경우가 있었다. 이상의 결과로 인채 유구낭미충증에서 수집한 낭액에도 15, 10, 7kDa의 subunit로 구성된 150kDa의 band C protein이 주 성분으로 구성되어 있으며 수술장에서 수집하는 과정에서 뇌척수액이 섞이는 경우가 많음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2015년도 학술발표회
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• pp.271-271
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• 2015

The Ecuadorian coast has two different climate regions. One is humid region where the annual rainfall is above 2000 mm and rain falls in almost all months of the year, and the other is dry region where the annual rainfall can fall below 50 mm and rainfall can be very seasonal. The agriculture is frequently limited by the seasons during the year and the availability of rainfall amounts. The corn fields in Ecuador are cultivated during the rainy season, due to this reason. The weather conditions for optimum development of corn growth require a monthly average rainfall of 120 mm to 140 mm and a temperature range of $22^{\circ}C{\sim}32^{\circ}C$ for the dry region, and a monthly average rainfall of 200 mm to 400 mm and a temperature range of $25^{\circ}C{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ for the humid area. The objective of this study is to predict how the weather conditions are going to change in corn fields of the coastal region of Ecuador in the future decades. For this purpose, this study selected six General Circulation Models (GCM) including BCC-CSM1-1, IPSL-CM5A-MR, MIROC5, MIROC-ESM, MIROC-ESM-CHEM, MRIC-CGC3 with different climate scenarios of the RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, and RCP 8.5, and applied for the period from 2011 to 2100. The climate variables information was obtained from the INAMHI (National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology) in Ecuador for the a base line period from 1986 to 2012. The results indicates that two regions would experience significant changes in rainfall and temperature compared to the historical data. In the case of temperature, an increment of $1^{\circ}C{\sim}1.2^{\circ}C$ in 2025s, $1.6^{\circ}C{\sim}2.2^{\circ}C$ in 2055s, $2.1^{\circ}C{\sim}3.5^{\circ}C$ in 2085s were obtained from the dry region while less increment were shown from the humid region with having an increment of $1^{\circ}C$ in 2025s, $1.4^{\circ}C{\sim}1.8^{\circ}C$ in 2055s, $1.9^{\circ}C{\sim}3.2^{\circ}C$ in 2085s. Significant changes in rainfall are also projected. The rainfall projections showed an increment of 8%~11% in 2025s, 21%~33% in 2055s, and 34%~70% in 2085s for the dry region, and an increment of 2%~10%, 14%~30% and 23%~57% in 2025s, 2055s and 2085s decade respectively for humid region.

• 환경생물
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.263-267
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• 2002

에콰로르의 수도인 키도와 갈라파고스에서 2000년 8월 1일부터 18일까지 거미상을 조사한 결과 총 562개체를 채집하였으며, 그 중 22과 48속 50종을 동정하여 보고하고자 한다. 이를 통해 키토와 갈라파고스 제도에는 배회성 보다 정주성 거미류가 더 우세한 것으로 확인되었으며, Gasteracantha cancriformis (Linnaeus 1758)가 우점종으로 나타났다. 이에 Gasteracantha cancriformis를 재기재하여 보고하고자 한다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.2224-2227
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• 2016

Shigella sonnei harboring $bla_{CTX-M-55}$ was isolated outside of Asia for the first time. The $bla_{CTX-M-55}$ gene was found to be downstream of ISEcp-1 and located in a ~130 kb conjugative plasmid belonging to the I1 incompatibility group. The strain was recovered from a 7-year-old Ecuadorian girl with watery diarrhea who had not travelled abroad. Recent local data describe the emergence of $bla_{CTX-M-55}$ and other variants typically found in Asia in the Andean Region, suggesting that increased travel of humans and trade relationships with Asian countries are influencing the current Ecuadorian bacterial resistance situation.