• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2012

Physicochemical properties of liquid fertilizer samples of resource organization, which are domestically produced and distributed, are analyzed. Major contents of the research results are as follows. 1. The ratio of complete decomposition for liquid fertilizer is 49% at Public Resource Center and 33% at Liquid Fertilizer Supply Center. The combined ratio of both half-decomposed and un-decomposed liquid fertilizers is over 50% at both centers. 2. The ratio of complete decomposed liquid fertilizer, 67%, is the highest in Gangwon and Gyeonggi-do area. The ratio of un-decomposed liquid fertilizer is high in Chungbuk and Chungnam area. The sum of ratios of the half- and un-decomposed is over 60% in the areas except Gyeonnggi-do and Gangwon-do. 3. As a result of regional comparison of the physicochemical properties of liquid fertilizers, concentration variation in most of the items are large, and the degree of uniformity is found to be considerably low. In particular, concentration variation in T-N and $NH_4$-N is the most noticeable. 4. The items that physicochemically correlated to the degree of decomposition of liquid fertilizer are appeared to be T-N, $NH_4$-N, $NO_3$-N, EC, $SCOD_{Mn}$, and ORP. 5. The physicochemical average values of the liquid fertilizer estimated as "complete decomposed" are appeared to be T-N 829 mg/L,$NH_4$-N 517 mg/L, $NO_3$-N 151 mg/L, $SCOD_{Mn}$ 1,205 mg/L, EC 10.32 mS/cm, ORP -117.12 mV.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.440-447
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• 2020

The demand for large-scale horticultural complexes utilizing reclaimed lands is increasing, and one of the pending issues for the construction of large-scale facilities is to establish foundation design criteria. In this paper, we tried to review previous studies on the method of reinforcing the foundation of soft ground. Target construction methods are spiral piles, wood piles, crushed stone piles and PF (point foundation) method. In order to evaluate the performance according to the basic construction method, pull-out resistance, bearing capacity, and settlement amount were measured. At the same diameter, pull-out resistance increased with increasing penetration depth. Simplified comparison is difficult due to the difference in reinforcement method, diameter, and penetration depth, but it showed high bearing capacity in the order of crushed stone pile, PF method, and wood pile foundation. In the case of wood piles, the increase in uplift resistance was different depending on the slenderness ratio. Wood, crushed stone pile and PF construction methods, which are foundation reinforcement works with a bearing capacity of 105 kN/㎡ to 826 kN/㎡, are considered sufficient methods to be applied to the greenhouse foundation. There was a limitation in grasping the consistent trend of each foundation reinforcement method through existing studies. If these data are supplemented through additional empirical tests, it is judged that a basic design guideline that can satisfy the structure and economic efficiency of the greenhouse can be presented.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.164-174
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• 1994

Temporal changes in growth performances, chlorophyll contents, and tissue water relations for determining their physiological responses of five economic tree species subjected to chronic water and nutrition stresses were investigated with containerized seedlings grown in different soil moisture regimes and nutrition levels. Seedlings of Quercus acutissima, Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica, Q. serrata, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla were propagated in plastic pots(I.D. $16cm{\times}Depth$ 16cm) for the experiments. The seedlings were subjected to two soil moisture regimes of dry and wet soils and two nutrition levels of fertilization with N+P+K and no fertilization through the growing season from May to September in a green house. For the purpose of analyzing their responses to the environmental stresses, seedling heights and root collar diameters, chlorophyll contents, and P-V curve parameters of the seedlings were measured in May, July, and September. The environmental stresses coming from moisture and nutrient deficits affected the growth performances of seedlings variously among species and among different growing periods, as well as between height and basal diameter growth of seedlings. The growth performances of Q. acutissima were influenced sensitively on the stresses, but those of Q. mongolica less influenced in comparison with other species. Chlorophyll contents were generally higher in Quercus spp. than F. rhynchophylla through the growing season. The chlorophyll contents changed by species and by treatment through the season within ranges of 0.14~1.96 mg/g dry wt. of chlorophyll a and within 0.16~1.79mg/g dry wt. of chlorophyll b, respectively. But the contents seemed to be decreased gradually through the chronic environmental stresses and leaf senescence. The osmotic potential at full turgor(${\Psi}{{\pi}o}$) and turgor loss point(${\Psi}{\pi}p$) had temporarily declined up to 3 to 5bars from -7.0~-12.4bars in May to -10.2~-17.5bars in September and up to 5 to 6bars from -7.6~-14.2bars in May to -12.9~-20.4bars in September, respectively, with some exceptions. The values of ${\Psi}{\pi}p$ were generally high in F. rhynchophylla in May and July, but high in Q. serrata in September. Relative water contents at turgor loss point(RWCp) were generally high in F. rhynchophylla, but the temporal changes of RWCp were quite and frequently different among species and among treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.3-19
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• 2018

The objective of this study is to observe the efficiency of clinical performance on the supply and demand of medical resources in Korea. For the empirical analysis, we constructed the dataset on age standardized mortality rate, the number of physician, specialist, surgery, medical institution, ratio of general hospitals of 16 provinces in Korea from 2006 to 2013. The panel probability frontier model is employed as an analysis method and considered heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation of the error in panel data. In addition, the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the 16 provinces, unemployment rate, elderly population ratio, GRDP per capita, and ratio of hospitals in comparison to the general hospitals are used to find the effect on the technical efficiency of clinical performance on supply and demand of medical resources. The results are as follows. First, for the clinical performance, the supply side of human resources such as doctors and specialists and the demand side factors such as chronic illness clinic per unit population have a significant influence, respectively. Second, the technical efficiency of clinical performance on the supply and demand of medical resources of each input component was 59-70% in terms of clinical efficiency in each region. Third. estimates of technical efficiency of inputs that affect clinical performance showed a slight increase in all regions during the analysis period, but the increase trend decreased slightly. Fourth, the ratio of the elderly population and GRDP per capita have a positive influence on the technical efficiency of clinical performance on the supply and demand of medical resources. The difference of each efficiency by region is due to the regional differences of the input medical resources and the combination of them and the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the region. It is understood that the differences in technological efficiency due to the complexity of supply and demand of medical resources, demographic structure and economic difference affecting clinical performance by region are different.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.170-175
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• 1980

A mass production of chestnut necessiates the development of economic long-term storage method. The main objective of this study was to confirm the technical aspect of the chestnut storage method which was developed by two year project and to review the method of commercial application. The chestnut used for the experiments were separated in brine $(5.5{\sim}6.0^{\circ}\:B{\acute{a}}ume)$ into matured and unmatured lots and fumigated with $CS_2$ at a 5 $lb/27\;m^3$ level for $25{\sim}30\;hrs.$ The chestnuts were packed in wooden boxes with sawdust (50% moisture) in the ratio of 1 : 1 by volume. The boxes were stored in the cold room $(1{\pm}1^{\circ}C,\;85{\sim}95%\;RH)$ and the cellar ($0{\sim}10^{\circ}C$, controlled only by circulating night cool air). The results obtained were as follows: 1. Fully matured chestnut could be successfully preserved $8{\sim}9\;months$ at a l0% decay level in the cold room and $4{\sim}5\;months$ months in cellar. 2. Immatured chestnuts wire inferior to the matured in storage stability. At the maximum storage period, its storage life was two months shorter. 3. The heat transfer equation of piled chestnuts with sawdust can be suggested as $T_{\infty}-T_0=(T_{\infty}-T_0){\cdot}10^{-t/320}$ and j and $f_h$ values were 1 and 320 min, respectively. 4. The chestnuts in the package of storage unit had longer shelf life than naked chestnut during the retail distribution at ambient temperature.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.3-16
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to prepare diverse measures to enhance the utilization of national authorized qualification. The detail objectives of this study are first, to re-establish the utilization scope and range of national authorized qualification through analysis of advance research and theory in various fields of learning on the function of qualification; and second, to set the direction to strengthen the utilization of national authorized qualification. Based on discussions on the various fields of learning on the function of qualification, this study divided the utilization scope of qualification into personal utilization for the benefit of the qualification acquirer him or herself and public utilization for the social and economic benefits. And according to this distinction, we prepared measures to strengthen the utilization of national authorized qualification. First of all, as a way to strengthen personal utilization of the national authorized qualification, we prepared measures to enhance accessibility and facilitate further improvement. As a means to enhance accessibility, we proposed restriction on setting the application condition, diversification of qualification authorization method, facilitation of partial qualification system and minimization of expense required to acquire qualification. Also for the further improvement, we proposed creation of job-level centered grade system and development of job-level centered qualification item by stage. For strengthening the public utilization of national authorized qualification, we come up with ways of strengthening flexibility, transparency, public trust and compatibility. As a way to strengthen flexibility, we proposed establishment of qualification demand monitoring system, expansion of direct participation of users on qualification management, establishment of qualification expiration period and its renewal. For the strengthening of transparency, we proposed to build general qualification information system and to utilize qualification recommendation system. To strengthen public trust, we proposed to strengthen the management of qualification management regulation, secure independency, establish internal audit system and strengthen post management of national authorized qualification. And lastly, we suggested that compatibility comparison standard between qualification and qualification level standard be developed for the strengthening of compatibility.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.550-563
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• 2000

This study was carried out in order to elucidate the fundamental data on the taste compounds between wild and cultured fishes produced on Chungmu and Wando at the southern coast areas of Korea. For this purpose, the food components of cultured fishes such as red sea bream Pagnus major, Sebastes pachycephalus and flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus being spot lighted for the main sea fish, the staple food and high economic fish were investigated and compared with those of the wild ones. There was a little appreciable difference in the proximate compositions of all the species from localities between wild and cultured fishes. But according to the growing conditions, wild fishes were higher in moisture contents and lower in crude lipid content than those of cultured fishes and little difference was seen in protein and ash contents between the two. With regard to the nucleotides and their related compounds, i.e. ADP, IMP and inosine were detected but ATP and hypoxanathine were not from them. On the other hand, there were little difference in the total taste compounds of all the species from localities and the growing conditions between wild and cultured fishes. But all the species were higher in IMP content. The total of seventeen amino acids were detected in samples. The highly contents of glutamic acid, lysine, aspartic acid, proline, leucine, alanine, valine and alginine were showed and less low contents of cystein, histidine, methionine, tyrosine and phenylalanine were detected. The total amino acids of the others were much alike in that composition. Little difference was seen from localities and the growing conditions between wild and cultured ones. The free amino acids were much alike in that composition of all the species. There was little difference in the free amino acid compositions all the species from localities and the growing conditions between wild and cultured fishes. But taurine was dominant, showing from 39% to 65% of the free amino acid content and it is followed by hydroxyproline, lysine, alanine and glycine in other. There were differences in the organic acid compositions of all the species from localities and the growing conditions between wild and cultured fishes. In addition, cultured fishes were more abundant in the total organic acid compositions than those of wild ones.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.1-39
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• 2013

Considering the relationship between state-owned enterprise (SOE) CEOs and political circles, this study examines the performance impacts of CEO's succession type, board chair separation, and industry expertise and finance expertise of CEOs and outside directors. I propose the definition of political independence in SOE CEOs based on the independence in appearance that might affect general people's perception. It means that there are no relationships or circumstances that might affect SOE CEO's judgment, activity, and report. The definition is able to overcome the limitations of the prior research that could not discover the CEOs who were affiliated to political circles because the research just distinguished the CEOs following their pre-jobs. This study focused on the performance impacts of political independence impaired CEO as well as the CEO's impacts on the relationship between the performance and other corporate governance variables. I selected as dependent variables the average return on asset as operating income divided by total assets and the average customer satisfaction rate evaluated by Korean government during the first three years following the year of the events of explanatory variables. My theory and evidence from the various CEO's personal background and financial information from SOEs in Lee Myung-bak Administration and Rho Moo-hyun Administration suggest the following important things. First, the analysis based on whether or not a SOE CEO keeps political independence shows that a political independence impaired CEO made a significantly negative impact on customer satisfaction rate. Second, the separation between a board chair and a CEO in SOEs introduced by Korean Act on Management of Public Institutions made a significantly positive impact on customer satisfaction rate. However, the positive impact of the board chair separation was removed in a political independence impaired CEO's SOE. Third, outside director's industry expertise made a significantly positive impact on return on asset. However, the positive impact of the outside director's industry expertise was removed in a political independence impaired CEO's SOE. Fourth, the comparison between Lee Myung-bak Administration and Roh Moo-hyun Administration on the corporate governance and performance of SOEs shows that the ratio of political independence impaired CEO was significantly higher in Lee Administration and the ratio of outside director's industry expertise and finance expertise were respectively significantly higher in Roh Administration. Based on these results, I suggested a few policy alternatives for CEO's improved political independence and requirements for executive's expertise in SOEs.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.28
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• pp.27-53
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• 2012

American superhero comics are being produced in numerous different forms for multiple, and cross-platform media. In cinema, films based on superhero comics top the list of all time box office records. The same phenomenon of the 'Invasion of Superhero' is duplicated in Korean box office 2012, however, the korean fans are not familiar with the superheroes from the publication which provides the original source of characters and stories for other superhero related media products. Based on observing the multiple and vastness of world building characteristics of superhero comic, this paper attempts to associate the continuous creative nature and the infinite repetition of superheroes and comic texts with the identity of superhero on ontological level. First, chapter 2 examines how one superhero exists in multiple and different worlds individually by utilizing the concept of 'multi-universe' or 'multiverse' in comic texts. Initially, duplicating a superhero on multiple settings and series destroyed continuity and allowed contradiction and paradox confused narrative as a whole, but it also gave chances for comics to be more vibrant and experimental with their stories and characters. Chapter 3 analyzes the superhero comic texts in the light of repetition, concept developed by french philosopher Gilles Deleuze, and make the argument that the superheroes and texts are not repeated to generate surplus of source for economic utilitarian purposes, but it is, first and foremost, a repetition of creativeness and capability. Many concepts introduced by Deleuze in his early masterpiece, $\acute{e}$rence et R$\acute{e}$p$\acute{e}$tition> are taken to support this argument. Mainly, his critical views on generality of the identity and his effort to replace the Plato's system of representation with vibrant creative, and renewal energy of r$\acute{e}$p$\acute{e}$tition. According to Deleuze, repetition is similar concept, if not identical, to what Nietzsche called the 'eternal return' which allows the return of the Overhuman or the Superhuman, and he extends his idea that the returning Overhuman is the singular simulacre which opposes the generalization of identity, in the likes of Plato's Idea. Thus, the superhero's identity is ever changing, ever returning, and ever renewing Overhuman. The superhero must be repeated to fully actualize his/her existence. Also, based on Deleuze's reading of Bergson's texts on the Virtual, the superhero, for example Superman, is actualization of his/her multiplisit$\acute{e}$, the internally multiple, and differentiated variations from itself. These every Supermans' multiplisit$\acute{e}$ shares common memory, past, and duration, thus the Virtual of Superman. Superman becomes himself only by actualizing the movement and differentiation from these multiplisit$\acute{e}$ in his virtual on the surface of reality. On chapter 4, a popular Korean comic book character Oh, Hae-Sung's r$\acute{e}$p$\acute{e}$tition and multiplist$\acute{e}$ are analyzed, and makes comparison to that of Superman to distinguish the repetition from r$\acute{e}$p$\acute{e}$tition, and multiplicit$\acute{e}$ from diversity.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.108-115
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• 2012

The Urban Areas Working Group within the EMRAS-2 ($\underline{E}$nvironmental $\underline{M}$odelling for $\underline{RA}$diation $\underline{S}$afety, Phase 2), which has been supported by the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), has designed some types of accidental scenarios to test and improve the capabilities of models used for evaluation of radioactive contamination in urban areas. For the comparison of the results predicted from the different models, the absorbed doses in air were analyzed as a function of time following the accident with consideration of countermeasures to be taken. Two kinds of considerations were performed to find the dependency of the predicted results. One is the 'accidental season', i.e. summer and winter, in which an event of radioactive contamination takes place in a specified urban area. Likewise, the 'rainfall intensity' on the day of an event was also considered with the option of 1) no rain, 2) light rain, and 3) heavy rain. The results predicted using a domestic model of METRO-K have been submitted to the Urban Areas Working Group for the intercomparison with those of other models. In this study, as a part of these results using METRO-K, the countermeasures effectiveness in terms of dose reduction was analyzed and presented for the ground floor of a 24-story business building in a specified urban area. As a result, it was found that the countermeasures effectiveness is distinctly dependent on the rainfall intensity on the day of an event, and season when an event takes place. It is related to the different deposition amount of the radionuclides to the surfaces and different behavior on the surfaces following a deposition, and different effectiveness from countermeasures. In conclusion, a selection of appropriate countermeasures with consideration of various environmental conditions may be important to minimize and optimize the socio-economic costs as well as radiation-induced health detriments.